otuiummWHB 


r 


WORD  STU 

FOR 


HIGH  SCHOOLS 


UC-NRLF 


III 


% 


SWAN 


mHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiim^ 


GIFT  OF 


WORD   STUDY  FOR  HIGH   SCHOOLS 


THE  MACMILLAN  COMPANY 

NEW  YORK    •    BOSTON   •    CHICAGO  •    DALLAS 
ATLANTA   •    SAN    FRANCISCO 

MACMILLAN   &   CO.,  Limited 

LONDON   •    BOMBAY   •    CALCUTTA 
MELBOURNE 

THE  MACMILLAN  CO.  OF  CANADA,  Ltd. 

TORONTO 


WORD  STUDY 
FOR  HIGH   SCHOOLS 


BT 
NORMA  LIPPINCOTT   SWAN 

FORMERLY    HEAD    OF    THE    ENGLISH    DEPARTMENT 

IN    THE  LONG   BRANCH    HIGH   SCHOOL 

NEW   JERSEY 


NeiM  gork 

THE  MACMILLAN   COMPANY 

1920 

All  rights  reseweob 


Copyright,  1920, 
By  the  MACMILLAN  COMPANY. 


Set  up  and  elecirotyped.     Published  January,  1920. 


J.  S.  Gushing  Co.  —  Berwick  &  Smith  Co. 
Nurwood,  Mass.,  U.S.A. 


PREFACE 

There  is  excuse  no  longer  for  the  author  of  a  speUing  book  who 
selects  his  material  without  definite  knowledge  of  which  words  are 
most  useful  and  which  are  most  likely  to  be  misspelled.  Such  careful 
and  extensive  investigation  as  has  been  made  in  the  field  of  working 
and  foundation  vocabularies  by  Jones  ^  and  Ayres,^  to  mention  only 
two  of  the  recent  investigators,  removes  the  subject  from  the  realm 
of  conjecture  and  haphazard  choice  and  greatly  simplifies  the  teach- 
ing of  spelling  by  reducing  the  number  of  words  formerly  included  in 
spelling  books.  No  word,  of  course,  is  immune  to  misspelling,  for 
the  ingenuity  of  the  bad  speller  is  prodigious,  but  certain  classes  of 
words  are  more  frequently  misspelled  than  others,  and  against  these 
the  teacher  must  wage  constant  and  unceasing  warfare  with  all  the 
weapons  at  his  command.  Words  containing  ie  and  ei,  words  ending 
in  el  and  le,  words  containing  silent  letters  and  doubled  letters  are 
all  pitfalls  for  the  unwary.  The  correct  spelling  of  common  words 
should  be  fixed  in  the  lower  grades,  but  it  is  needless  to  say  that  the 
misspelling  of  many  of  them  is  carried  over  into  the  high  school  and 
even  into  college;  therefore  no  apology  is  offered  for  including  in  a 
book  designed  for  the  use  of  high  school  students  a  thousand  simple 
words  which  careful  investigation  has  shown  are  most  frequently 
misspelled. 

Two  devices  have  been  used  in  presenting  these  drill  words,  both 
of  which  are  based  upon  sound  psychological  principles  and  hence 
should  prove  helpful  to  those  for  whom  the  first  twenty-seven  pages 

1  "  Concrete  Investigation  of  the  Material  of  English  Spelling  "  by  W,  Frank- 
lin Jones,  Ph.D.,  University  of  South  Dakota,  covering  75,000  student  themes. 

2  "  A  Measuring  Scale  for  Ab  ility  in  Spelling  "  by  Leonard  P.  Ayres,  Division 
of  Education,  Russell  Sage  Foundation,  New  York  City,  based  upon  spellings 
of  70,000  pupils. 

V 

460000 


SUGGESTIONS  FOR   THE   USE   OF   THE   BOOK 

The  book  should  be  used  as  the  needs  of  pupils  suggest ;  it  may  not 
always  be  advisable  to  assign  the  sections  in  consecutive  order.  To 
every  new  class,  however,  the  teacher  should  assign  the  drill  words 
and  the  homonyms  so  as  to  find  out  quickly  how  well  the  class  can 
spell  ordinary,  every -day  words  which  have  been  a  part  of  its  vocab- 
ulary since  the  sixth  grade.  Misspelled  words  in  these  exercises  should 
be  heavily  penalized  and  if  it  is  found  necessary  to  repeat  the  assign- 
ment, the  penalty  should  be  increased  with  each  repetition.  The 
teacher  should  make  the  spelling  of  words  already  in  the  students* 
speaking  vocabulary  a  matter  of  primary  consideration.  The  teaching 
of  the  pronunciation,  meaning,  spelling,  and  use  of  new  words  is  all 
included  in  the  work  of  helping  the  student  to  enlarge  his  vocabulary, 
and  an  increased  vocabulary  is  a  sign  of  mental  growth. 

Bad  spelling  is  often  the  result  of  inaccurate  pronunciation,  hence 
as  a  necessary  part  of  the  preparation  for  a  spelling  lesson  the  teacher 
should  pronounce  the  new  words  slowly  and  distinctly.  The  exercises 
in  pronunciation  should  be  given  from  time  to  time  with  reference 
not  only  to  the  need  of  the  class  but  to  that  of  individuals  as  well. 
Concert  work  is  of  doubtful  value  in  teaching  correct  pronunciation. 
After  a  student  has  been  taught  to  recognize  his  own  besetting  sins 
he  should  be  encouraged  to  correct  himself  aloud  whenever  he  finds 
himself  guilty  of  having  made  a  mistake.  A  self-inflicted  penalty 
is  likely  to  be  more  effective  than  one  inflicted  by  another. 

Rules  for  spelling  are  not  of  equal  value  to  all  students  but  the 
abundance  of  illustrative  material  furnished  under  them  should 
prove  helpful  to  everyone.  Students  should  be  taught  to  regard  the 
sections  dealing  with  rules  for  spelling,  common  mistakes  in  speech, 
and  pronunciation  as  reference  material  to  which  they  should  turn 
from  time  to  time  as  the  need  arises. 

ix 


X        SUGGESTIONS  FOR  THE  USE  OF  THE  BOOK 

Attention  should  be  called  to  particular  difficulties  as  separate, 
bw^iness,  run/iing,  arctic,  and  each  student  should  be  encouraged  to 
make  a  list  of  the  words  he  most  frequently  misspells.  The  meaning 
of  every  word  should  be  known  by  the  student  before  he  attempts  to 
spell  it.  It  is  futile  to  learn  to  spell  words  the  meanings  of  which 
are  unknown.  The  use  of  the  dictionary  can  best  be  taught  in  connec- 
tion with  the  spelling  lesson  and  sufficient  work  of  this  sort  should 
be  required  of  all  students  to  enable  them  to  use  the  dictionary  with 
facility. 

The  lessons  in  the  stu,dy  of  prefixes  and  suffixes  and  those  in  Latin 
roots  and  English  derivatives  should  be  assigned  consecutively. 
The  teacher  should  make  sure  that  the  Latin  forms  are  well  fixed  in 
the  minds  of  students,  especially  if  Latin  is  not  a  part  of  their  course. 
The  definitions  have  been  supplied  in  this  part  of  the  book  with  a 
view  to  leading  students  to  see  the  root  meaning  in  every  English 
derivative,  and  the  teacher  should  insist  that  each  word  be  defined 
by  the  student  in  terms  of  the  root.  The  student  should  be  taught 
to  infer  the  meanings  of  the  secondary  derivatives  from  those  given 
of  the  primary  derivatives.  Exactness  of  definition  with  regard  to 
the  meaning  of  the  prefix  and  the  suffix  as  well  as  that  of  the  root  is 
important. 

The  reviews  and  the  exercises  requiring  original  thought  on  the 
part  of  the  student,  which  have  been  provided  throughout  the  book, 
should  prove  useful  in  testing  the  thoroughness  with  which  the  daily 
work  has  been  done,  and  the  author  hopes  that  the  teacher  will 
recognize  their  value  and  assign  them  as  they  occur  in  the  text. 


TABLE   OF  CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Drill  Words 1 

Homonyms      .        .        .        .        .        .        .        •        •        •        .        .  30 

Antonyms 35 

Synonyms 36 

Rules  for  Spelling ,     .        .        .        .41 

Syllabication 47 

Rules  for  Simplified  Spelling          ....        =        ..  48 

Exercises  in  Pronunciation       .        .        .        .        c        o        .        .  50 

Common  Mistakes  in  Speech 60 

Growth  of  the  English  Language 69 

Prefixes 75 

Suffixes 84 

Roots  and  Derivatives 93 

Letter  Writing 130 


XI 


WORD    STUDT    FOR   HIGH    SCHOOLS 

Study  the  following  words  and  use  them  in  phrases  or  sentences 
similar  to  those  on  pages  22-23. 


Drill  Words 

^'/^ 

a^claU^ 

a^a^z^cnlt 

czcoefit 

coddtedl' 

""/H 

a^v  ^/7^olt 

c7^t^e^ 

d'Oa^A^ 

d^  lecod  u 

c^itnta' 

a/yi'PMe^ 

c^oltriXKiOfi 

C^fl'U 

tZ'/7y^Cy?t^ 

cii  oa^^M 

coft'u  tAon^a 

c^t^^e^t 

co-r/wwrit 

^iyn^u  {/j^c;ou 

^^  ^iyO^ 

coi^'Me 

a.h  A^eci^ 

(uSd^ 

DRILL   WORDS 


CZ^i/iMZ^ 


''Ji^UyV 


a^ 


'& 


V 


ue<zu^  i^o  fu-i- 


e^i^tu 


ieef 


■a^n-a 


e^acio  rwi^^za 


Ac^ae 


<iae£^t 


cJe'  lei  ^^/     lan^Jide 


DRILL   WORDS 

mt^'i-ow^ed 

Su^td 

li^am 

liea^tAe 

iocLyu 

iiudae 

Sues'  et 

uwcf^  led 

uwi^'ved 

iiwtor.  ei 

iuA-id 

iduUi^ 

Swt  tan^ 

iiU.<ylt 

iu.£^A  ei 

(zdii^ae 

CO'U' 

uwrrJied 

Sud^i^  '^y^e£<^ 

uu.'rjdU 

Im'u 

ca.'TJ'nat 

ca^ihet 

ca^t  ti^' 

ca^'ji^  t 

oa^'^t^ied 

aiiMe 

(xue 

C€ltcfl 

cruiiyn^ 

cadcAy  e^ 

CPM.U^ 

{z^t  etA^^l  idi 

on-a.M 

DRILL   WORDS 


C^rt'-^'} 


e 


'At 


cfveeie 


cJieoaed 


en^ 


cio^ 


<H£' 


o 


ci'au^fi 


cam 
oohJ'ted 


cole 

calt 

/ 
couari 


cau^ 


/y 


DRILL   WORDS 

COi^id  ^  t 

dcuuied 

dooi^  ed 

tcu-nt  i/j^za 

deeS^ 

,dou^d 
docaed 

cia^cS^  el 

ctefit 
/ 

du.-n'iii 

da'die 

dic^  et 

cufimc^ld 

de^i 

■ded^dci^ 

dec^tfi 

deit'iau 

d^i^lce£^ 

oOeoe^iet^ 

d(y''(Z  ^/zand 

d(zwued 
d^^uaA  td 

decide 
deeh 

d<^  fei  erd 

du  Oyft  haiAzt 
1    / 

dadoed 
dae£^ 

dan^  t 

d^itcA 

doei^n.  t 

dawiit 

cii  acde! 

dd  id^ 

daoan^ 

"^iff    ■ 

do-y^e 

do-^e-n 

6 

DRILL   WORDS 

dt^aa<yna 

dy>.'ao^e 

du'Ci^a 

eadt 

du^auj^/i^ 

ea^i^A  e^ 

ecu^u 

t  ■  ei£^o^e^  en^^aued 


e^^\ 


edae  eiAn  e  n<}iu^fv 


ef  fait  e^mJz^wed '         e<l^oaJ7^ 


et'  'tAei  e^c^fie .  eae^ru-n. 


Jd^tAei  ^eu  ic^^iU 


DRILL   WORDS 


tofi      '  AaJit 


Jirjluied  fad  del  maaJit 

fviarit  MJe<f^  /awnd 

■aci-t  /ai^e1^^aa1^  ,        wu^^teei^ 


Aced^  iudae  aeyyiei-  a^\ 


DRILL   WORDS 


5^/ 


ta^ 


c^9-^£.  ait^nd  ^nwtA  el     a  tie 


it<yeae' 


cH^o-imu^        aweued 


lOAn-  wi^ao. 


aa-eu^  nailed  nad^'^ften^ 


Aa^toA  et   .  neczo^u   ,  fiiaJi 

U4^d       n^dae 


DKILL   WORDS 

a 
Me 


i^ftdeed 


tfZ'i^te^^^d 

a 


ryn^  t 


Un^ 


itieif 


n^u^a^ 


/ 


iuce 


See^ 


^efz-t 

let  ti 

JiitoA  X 


eri. 


^nee 
n^w^ed^ 


10 


DRILL   WORDS 


n-uck 


'-<Z^ 


nS 


aahed 


car^ 


i^d  M- 


fi  et^ 


ie. 


e^^ae 


ledae 


/.'  . 


l^n 


rLatri 


id 


n 


en^: 


u^t  ti^ 


DRILL   WORDS 

^/tld  die 

//tanda^u 

^ma'tai 

^nc^ri'ic 

^^^o'^eu 

^mau^ftuic^^ 

'mi'-m  icf^ed' 

^mardri 

^rnoo/eed 

"Tr^iaie 

^matiyan 

^/lud.  du 

mii^i^e:[^ 

necS^  ti£^ 

^^^/^^ 

.  needie 

n^dl 

nect^i^ 

i^eiaA  Sol 

na.Ued 

n-eci^t 

nei^  vAet' 

n'^uaA  tu 

fieoi 

ntcS^  eS 

^tieoe 

i^otcJi  e<[^ 

0^  ^r/zecM^ 

aueued 
mitten! 

fzuymue^ 

o-cd^ocJi 

nu4n!ueted 

Of  fei^ 

11 


12 


DRILL   WORDS 


ance 


Add  die 


et^ 


'^^ 


e 


ha<u^iio€ild 
'ttu^e 


hcz^ 


h^a^r^^^e-rd 


tcA 


fte<^^c 


^e(Z^  cac< 


he(^J'ni4d 


eO'l^ 


Aed  ^yC 


/ 


hed  dd 


heeied 

heehed 


en- 


heiofv 


A 


iC 


hictwie 


l^i^ncfled 


DRILL   WORDS  13 


ho-ai  ha  ta^taei^  At^^o  'ice 

hah'u^  ioy^  haoi/det^  Aia^<se 

howyid  haoi^ei  hiei^ent 


lid^  o-n^  el  fi^laa 


h'leiied 

hiet  Uf^  hic'iiate  hiaad 

hiet  tv  eit  hiiy^  kwcJ^  ei 

h  loce  hiar/z'U£^  k  wd  die 

hived  hia  n^awnce  hi^^mh'Jf-m 


14 

hut  tu 


ao. 


DRILL   WORDS 


li 


f 


■uiJet 


iace 


it^^t  tie 
ic?yt  tied 


le  celht 


le  ceuie! 
le^fidee^^ 


iewuz^<yni 
leheat 


lehlu 
le  twifi 


DRILL   WORDS 


15 


looe 


10 

und 


lU^x 


'^ed 


/ 
lo-aari 


iwn.  n<Az 


i^a^d  di 
i^oc^i^ied 


{.ca^t  teied 
isaa-hed 


dyOO-U>ried 


d^ci^wMed 
J.  p 


loud 


/^ 


/: 


let  tlei 


16 

DRILL   WORDS 

mut 

l^oii'ei 

Uan 

Inco^ei 

ifitxj^ewd 

Uaned 
U4^ce 

Ifi^ak^ 

/ 

maai  cUi 

iJiaoaed 

Uiaaed 

lode 

dM^Oi^ 

lu 

lieeh'u 

d/ma^i-i 

U^ 

li^eae 

imo'SiAza 

imn^ned 

lii'oei 

iwi^t^atfi 

:!^i.a^T/iwied 

llode 

£/}natJi  el 

lied 

li^m^hei  u 

l^matfi  eied 

d/TuzJtAed 

lo-li 

lao4^ 

ln£^e^ 

lai  diei^ 

lo^e 

loa^£ed 

lai^  id 

It^^iei 

l(Mnetfii^n^ 

lai^i^ 

lacM^ 

Um^uyniei 

lauJi 

doiuce 
lA^de 


/< 


^a/U4^Mn 


Ui-. 


DRILL   WORDS 

dAeoS'  led. 

d^h^e^ 

iAend 

iAii/n^'mt 

la/yueaJ^ 

lAo-an^'u^i 

Mwee^e 

dtt^aaeied 

l^t^lOfl 

deeh 

17 


d^ta^ued 


dtee^ 


iteeAed 


dto-o- 
dta 


dla 


dtta-n 


f 


dUeet 


18 

DRILL   WORDS 

stietcJi 

dtad  u 

ducked 

itiUied 

duii^eot 

iwd  def2^ 

£^tu^k 

U4.0  ceed 

Ui/  m^ 

itiohAed 

dyiio  ceed  ed 

£u/  liet^ed 

l^ttacS' 

d^ucceid^ 

lada^l 

£^wct  ed 

lu^h^m 

UU^ 

d^u-^-mei 

lu^h^ht^tt 

l'Oa(zt^  UHU 

liyi/m^man^ 

£.u^ha£^ 

loaea^t 

^Q.U'n^da^u 

:I^uAhMed 

Uueat 

:!^U'n^n'U 

d^ci^hud^ 

d^caai  i^n^ 

loaoul 

t(zrJa4^  "• 

teaie 

^/m'uA 

uu^du 

teetA 

ta^iiie 

ted  tied 

tet^ulie 

ta^S  let 

te(ZcA 

tfieie 

toM' 

te^cii  et^ 

DRILL   WORDS 


oie 


19 


fiiaoa 


■U.U 


■dc 


ti. 


Cf^ 


ticA  et 


tmAt 


ed 


coo- 


taaetfi  el 


taauz 


CfV 

iMi^oAed 


tc 


o-nau^e 


tauXe-L 

t'Ui.cfeecl 

tie^t 


tu^d 

tioh 

'^ed 


ti 


■a. 


■e 


tine 
du^ei^d^ 


f 


20 


tuK. 


DRILL   WORDS 


aieoa 


am 


aaoae 


/ 


uj^de 

UUZ.it 

cuci-'&ed 

auu^i^ 

W^i^  ^U.\ 

t 


/vednei^ 


uieiim. 


'^fU 


cafvom^ 


cafiuied 


caJiii: 
ca-Ait  tie 


CU: 


oa 


■d 


cauned 

caai^iiyed 

caaut 
caat 


DRILL   WORDS 

oai^t  neued 

oam^  t 

uiafee 

oaaad  ed 

caafidei 
ai<}n^deied 

caaad  i4 

cao^eft 

CUO-lid 

oaaccld  ^  t 

uyuetcfi  e. 

caied^ti^d 

oaut  ten. 

caietcfi 

oaiate 

21 


22 


DRILL   WORDS 


/ 

(zttentoo-n' 


thuunt 


in  his  ab'sence 

ac  cord'ing  to  law 

to  take  ac'tion 

a  gree'ment  between  partners 

to  al  lege'  in  writing 

an  an'nu  al  report 

ar  range'  the  flowers 

a  good  ar  range'ment 

to  sell  an  ar'ti  cle 

to  as  sure'  confidently 

give  at  ten'tion  to  orders 

blis'tered  by  the  sun 

both'ered  very  often 

on  a  car' tain  street 

a  loyal  cit'i  zen 

cause  for  com  plaint' 

to  com  plete'  the  work 

to  show  con  cern' 


DRILL  WORDS 

ca'yiditi^a'n 

in  good  con  di'tion 

ctyyit^ai^ 

to  lose  con  trol' 

can^j^e^^ce^ 

a  con  ve'nient  time 

to  invite  cor' dial  ly 

despise  a  cow'ard 

deouz-t^ 

de  clare'  one  guilty 

dei^ha^i^ 

filled  with  de  spair' 

diU€^ience 

dif'fer  ence  in  taste 

dupccaltu 

with  great  dif  fi  cul  ty 

du-eclcan^ 

the  right  di  rec'tion 

e^iueit 

the  ear'li  est  date 

e€iae<[^ 

the  eaves  of  a  house 

e4ztue 

one's  en  tire'  time 

e^^titie 

to  en  ti'tle  to  property 

entuii^oe 

en'trance  into  war 

eiheua.Uu 

es  pe'cial  ly  well  done 

ea^hen^ 

under  heavy  ex  pense' 

ea^ttew^e 

the  ex  treme'  end 

23 


24 


DRILL   WORDS 


flaXM^l 

the  flaVor  of  coffee 

fa^eian^ 

of  for'eign  birth 

aauae 

gouge  with  a  chisel 

gov'ern  ment  by  the  people 

gris'tle  in  meat 

a  har'rowed  field 

i/m^hic^f^a-n^ 

im  pris'on  in  a  dungeon 

i/nzAt^aae^'^en^t 

to  show  im  prove'ment 

onci^u^de 

to  in  elude'  everything 

jeal'ous  of  another 

^u<f^tice 

the  jus'tice  of  God 

i^ei^nel 

the  ker'nel  of  a  nut 

uw.ei^tyme 

a  lone'some  road 

^m^oJi^yne 

a  powerful  ma  chine' 

^/ui^teiia^l 

of  fine  ma  te'ri  al 

^mcz-ttei 

an  important  mat'ter 

'nte^UU'i^ 

give  good  meas'ure 

^mefiti^an^ 

men'tion  by  name 

DRILL   WORDS 


25 


^/Uym^O 


num  ic  a  voice 


n^-ceUcz^-^u 

a  nec'es  sary  expense 

to  make  ob  jec'tion 
ob  lige'  a  lady 

to  oc'cu  py  a  seat 
an  of  fi'cial  notice 

A-^^toerut 

pa'tient  in  suffering 

'h^^?pkfii.et 

an  interesting  pam'phlet 

h^^itwwui^ 

some  par  tic'u  lar  place 

heUan^^i^ 

a  per'son  al  letter 

ho-uJtocc 

a  weary  pil'grim 
apply  a  poul'tice 

hui^ctica^i^ 

a  prac'ti  cal  person 

^U-o-ia^M:i 

was  prob'a  bly  true 

^yt^aoeed 

pro  ceed'  with  business 

A^uynctu-ie 

punc'ture  a  tire 

leccym/^'^^end 

rec  cm  mend'  by  letter 

le/ete-yioe^ 

a  book  of  refer  ence 

26 


DRILL   WORDS 


ie. 


II- 


/ 


toA^tet^ 


re  lief  from  pain 
answer  re  spect'ful  ly 
a  re  spon'si  ble  person 
re  strain'  one's  anger 
fasten  with  a  riv'et 
a  sec'tion  of  land 
se  cure'  a  position 
perform  a  serVice 
a  ses'sion  of  school 
yours  very  sin  cere'ly 
a  south'ern  county 
a  spe'cial  favor 
sprint  down  hill 
a  clear  state'ment 
a  stub'born  donkey 
sug  gest'  giving  help 
this  tal'lies  with  that 
a  tat'tered  flag 


DRILL   WORDS 


27 


tei^u/m.o^' 


tes'ti  mo  ny  in  court 
to  tor'ture  savagely 
filled  with  treas'ure 
an  un  f  or'tu  nate  man 
at  the  u'su  al  time 
in  va'ri  ous  ways 
a  vic'tim  of  cruelty 
wedge  with  a  block 
sell  at  whole'sale 
a  wil'ful  child 


28 


DRILL   WORDS 


One  Hundred   Spelling   Demons  of  the   English   Language' 
(Order  not  significant  after  first  four) 


which 

can't 

guess 

they 

their 

sure 

says 

half 

there 

loose 

having 

break 

separate 

lose 

just 

buy 

don't 

Wednesday 

doctor 

again 

meant 

country 

whether 

very 

business 

February 

believe 

none 

many 

know 

knew 

week 

friend 

could 

laid 

often 

some 

seems 

tear 

whole 

been 

Tuesday 

choose 

won't 

since 

wear 

tired 

cough 

used 

answer 

grammar 

piece 

always 

two 

minute 

raise 

where 

too 

any 

ache 

women 

ready 

much 

read 

done 

forty 

beginning 

said 

hear 

hour 

blue 

hoarse 

here 

trouble 

though 

shoes 

write 

among 

coming 

to  night 

writing 

busy. 

early 

wrote 

heard 

built 

instead 

enough 

does 

color 

easy 

truly 

once 

making 

through 

sugar 

would 

dear 

every 

straight 

Note  to  the  Teacher:  This  exercise 
penalty  for  misspelling  increased  with  each 
be  withheld  if  a  single  word  is  misspelled. 


should  be  assigned  repeatedly  and  the 
assignment  until  finally  all  credit  should 


1  Printed  by  permission  of  Dr.  W.  Franklin  Jones  from  his  monograph  on  Con- 
crete Investigation  of  the  Material  of  English  Spelling. 


DRILL   WORDS  29 

Words  Often  Confused  in  Spelling 

Write  the  following  sentences  from  dictation. 

From  a  certain  angle,  the  angel  in  the  painting  looked  as  though  it  were 

alive. 
They  will  clothe  the  children  in  good  stout  cloth. 
Her  collar  was  a  bright  blue  color. 
There  was  a  loud  dinning  in  the  dining  room. 
The  girl's  father  was  a  little  farther  up  the  road. 

When  the  painting  was  finally  finished  it  was  found  to  be  finely  exe- 
cuted. 
The  fourth  number  in  the  row  is  forty. 
The  bird  was  hopping  about  hoping  to  find  a  worm. 
An  instant  later  there  was  an  instance  of  the  kind  of  accident  you  have 

described. 
During  the  latter  part  of  his  life  he  rose  later. 
The  ninth  tree  is  ninety  years  old. 
The  postman  passed  the  house  at  half  past  two. 
The  carpenter  planned  to  have  the  boards  planed  by  night. 
They  could  not  proceed  along  the  road  until  they  found  a  snow  plow  to 

precede  them. 
It  was  not  quiet  until  quite  past  midnight. 
He  forgot  that  the  moon  was  shining  when  he  was  shinning  up  the 

pillar  of  the  porch. 
The  traveler  stopped  by  the  roadside  and  stooped  to  take  a  drink. 
When  the  man  stripped  off  his  overcoat  it  was  seen  that  he  was  wearing 

a  striped  suit. 
He  went  through  the  book  in  a  thorough  manner. 
The  farmer  will  not  be  able  to  till  the  soil  until  the  rain  comes. 
The  principal  of  the  school  explained  the  underlying  principle  of  the 

problem  to  the  class. 
Together  they  went  to  gather  flowers  in  the  meadow. 
There  were  many  guests  at  their  party. 
As  he  continued  his  study  of  mathematics  he  noticed  a  steady  increase 

in  his  reasoning  power. 


30 


HOMONYMS 


Homonyms 
Homonyms  are  words  identical  in  sound  but  different  in  meaning. 


air,  atmosphere. 

ere,  before. 

heir,  one  who  inherits. 

aisle,  a  passageway, 
isle,  an  island. 

all,  whole. 

awl,  a  pointed  instrument. 

allowed,  did  allow. 
aloud,  not  silent. 

ate,  did  eat. 
eight,  a  number. 

aught,  anything, 
ought,  should. 

bad,  not  good. 
bade,  did  bid. 

ball,  a  sphere, 
bawl,  to  cry  aloud. 

bare,  uncovered, 
bear,  to  carry. 

be,  to  exist. 
bee,  an  insect. 

beat,  to  strike, 
beet,  a  vegetable. 

beer,  a  drink, 
bier,  a  coffin. 

bell,  a  metal  instrument, 
belle,  a  beautiful  woman. 


berth,  a  sleeping-place, 
birth,  being  born. 

blew,  did  blow, 
blue,  a  color. 

board,  a  piece  of  wood, 
bored,  did  bore. 

bold,  courageous, 
bowled,  did  bowl. 

bough,  the  branch  of  a  tree, 
bow,  to  incline  the  head. 

brake,  a  device  on  a  wheel, 
break,  to  sever. 

bread,  an  article  of  food, 
bred,  brought  up,  trained. 

bridal,  pertaining  to  a  bride, 
bridle,  a  part  of  a  harness. 

but,  except, 
butt,  a  thick  end. 

buy,  to  purchase. 
by,  beside. 

cent,  a  coin, 
scent,  odor, 
sent,  did  send. 

ceiHng,  a  part  of  a  room, 
sealing,  closing  tightly. 

cellar,  underground, 
seller,  one  who  sells. 


HOMONYMS 


31 


clause,  a  group  of  words, 
claws,  sharp  nails. 

climb,  to  mount, 
clime,  a  region. 

coaled,  supplied  with  coal, 
cold,  not  hot. 

coarse,  not  fine, 
course,  a  route. 

crews,  pi.  of  crew, 
cruise,  to  sail. 

dear,  beloved, 
deer,  an  animal. 

died,  did  die. 
dyed,  colored. 

do,  a  syllable  in  music, 
dough,  a  paste. 

done,  did  do. 

dun,  to  demand  payment. 

e*er,  a  contraction  of  ever. 
ere,  sooner  than,  before. 

ewe,  a  sheep. 

you,  person  addressed. 

faint,  to  lose  consciousness, 
feint,  a  pretense. 

fair,  beautiful, 
fare,  passage-money. 

feat,  a  notable  act. 
feet,  pi.  of  foot. 

find,  to  discover. 
fined,  did  fine. 


flea,  an  insect, 
flee,  to  run  away. 

flew,  did  fly. 

flue,  a  part  of  a  chimney. 

for,  because, 
fore,  in  front  of. 
four,  a  number. 

forth,  away, 
fourth,  after  third. 

gait,  manner  of  walking. 
gate,  an  opening  in  a  fence. 

gilt,  yellow. 
guilt,  wickedness. 

grate,  iron  bars, 
great,  large. 

groan,  a  sound  of  distress, 
grown,  p.p.  of  grow. 

hail,  frozen  rain, 
hale,  in  good  health. 

hair,  the  growth  on  the  head, 
hare,  an  animal. 

hall,  an  entry  or  a  passageway, 
haul,  to  draw. 

hart,  a  deer. 

heart,  an  organ  of  the  body. 

heal,  to  make  well, 
^heel,  a  part  of  the  body. 

hear,  to  listen, 
here,  in  this  place. 


32 


HOMONYMS 


heard,  did  hear. 
herd,  a  flock. 

him,  a  personal  pronoun, 
hymn,  a  song  of  praise. 

ho,  an  exclamation, 
hoe,  to  dig. 

hoarse,  harsh  in  sound, 
horse,  an  animal. 

hole,  a  cavity, 
whole,  unbroken. 

hour,  sixty  minutes. 
our,  belonging  to  us. 

idle,  unoccupied, 
idyl,  a  poem. 

key,   an  instrument  to  unlock, 
quay,  a  wharf. 

knead,  to  mix. 
need,  to  lack. 

knew,  did  know, 
new,  not  old. 

knight,  a  champion, 
night,  the  opposite  of  day. 

knot,  to  intertwine. 
not,  negative. 

know,  to  recognize. 
no,  opposed  to  yes. 

knows,  sing,  of  know. 

noes,  pL  of  no. 

nose,  a  part  of  the  face. 

lain,  p.p.  of  lie. 
lane,  a  narrow  way. 


leak,  to  escape, 
leek,  a  vegetable. 

lessen,  to  make  less. 

lesson,  an  exercise  for  a  pupil. 

made,  did  make, 
maid,  a  young  woman. 

mail,  letters,  etc. 
male,  masculine. 

main,  chief. 

mane,  the  hair  on  a  horse^s  neck. 

mean,  poor  in  quality, 
mien,  appearance. 

meat,  flesh. 

meet,  come  together. 

might,  strength. 
mite,  a  small  amount. 

mined,  did  mine. 
mind,  intellect. 

moan,  a  feeble  groan, 
mown,  p.p.  of  mow. 

mom,  the  early  part  of  the  day. 
mourn,  to  weep. 

muscle,  an  organ  of  the  body, 
mussel,  a  shellfish. 

nay,  no. 

neigh,  the  cry  of  a  horse. 

o'er,  over, 
or,  either, 
ore,  rock  containing  metal. 

one,  a  unit, 
won,  did  win. 


HOMONYMS 


33 


pair,  two. 
pare,  to  peel, 
pear,  a  fruit. 

pause,  to  stop. 

paws,  the  feet  of  an  animal. 

peace,  quietness, 
piece,  a  part  of. 

peal,  to  ring  out 
peel,  skin. 

pi,  type  in  disorder, 
pie,  pastry. 

plait,  to  braid  or  fold, 
plate,  a  dish. 

plain,  unadorned, 
plane,  a  tool. 

please,  to  give  pleasure, 
pleas,  pi.  of  plea. 

plum,  a  fruit. 
plimib,  to  sound. 

pore,  to  gaze  intently, 
pour,  to  flow. 

pray,  to  ask  devoutly, 
prey,  a  victim. 

raise,  to  lift  up. 
raze,  to  level. 

rap,  to  knock, 
wrap,  to  infold. 

read,  to  peruse, 
reed,  long  grass. 

rest,  the  remainder." 
wrest,  to  pull  violently. 


rain,  to  shower. 

reign,  to  rule. 

rein,  to  hold  in  check. 

right,  not  wrong, 
wright,  a  mechanic. 
write,  to  inscribe. 

rime,  hoar  frost. 
rhyme;  poetry. 

ring,  to  sound, 
wring,  to  twist. 

road,  a  highway. 
rode,  did  ride, 
rowed,  did  row. 

root,  a  part  of  a  plant. 
route,  a  course. 

rote,  repetition. 
wrote,  did  write. 

rough,  not  smooth, 
ruff,  a  collar. 

rung,  did  ring  or  peal, 
wrung,  did  wring  or  twist, 

sail,  to  navigate. 
sale,  the  act  of  selling. 

scene,  a  view, 
seen,  p.p  of  see. 

soar,  to  mount  upward, 
sore,  painful. 

sold,  did  sell. 

soled,  provided  with  a  sole. 

sole,  the  bottom  of  the  foot. 
soul;  the  spirit. 


34 


HOMONYMS 


some,  a  portion. 

sum,  the  result  in  addition. 

son,  a  male  descendant, 
sun,  a  heavenly  body. 

tail,  the  caudal  appendage, 
tale,  a  story. 

tare,  a  weed, 
tear,  to  pull  apart. 

tea,  a  drink, 
tee,  a  golf  term. 

their,  belonging  to  them, 
there,  at  that  place 

threw,  did  throw, 
through,  from  end  to  end. 

seam,  a  joining  of  parts, 
seem,  to  appear. 

sew,  to  fasten  with  thread. 

so,  because, 

sowj  to  scatter  grain. 

shoe,  a  covering  for  the  foot, 
shoo,  to  drive  away. 

slay,  to  kill. 

sleigh,  a  vehicle  on  runners. 


staid,  steady,  sober, 
stayed,  did  stay. 

stair,  a  step, 
stare,  to  look. 

stake,  a  post. 

steak,  a  piece  of  meat. 

steal,  to  commit  theft. 
steel,  a  form  of  iron. 

stile,  steps  for  mounting, 
style,  fashion. 

to,  toward. 

too,  also. 

two,  a  number. 

vain,  haughty. 
vane,  a  weather  cock, 
vein,  a  blood  vessel. 

vale,  a  valley. 

veil,  a  covering  for  the  face. 

waist,  a  part  of  the  body, 
waste,  to  cast  aside  as  useless. 

way,  a  road. 

weigh,  to  find  the  weight  of. 

weather,  the  condition  of  the  at- 
mosphere, 
wether,  a  sheep. 


ANTONYMS 

35 

Antonyms 

Antonyms 

are  words  of  opposite 

meaning. 

ac'id 

an'gel 

an'to  nym 

beau'ti  ful 

al'ka  U 

dev'il 

syn'o  nym 

ug'ly 

buy 

black 

clean 

east 

seU 

white 

dir'ty 

west 

friend 

fast 

faVor  a  ble 

give 

en'e  my 

slow 

adVerse 

re  ceive' 

har'mo  ny 

hard 

hap'py 

hope 

dis'cord 

soft 

mis'er  a  ble 

de  spair' 

hot 

in'dus  try 

in'te  ri  or 

Ught 

cold 

i'dle  ness 

ex'te  ri  or 

dark'ness 

large 

laugh 

lean 

mer'ry 

small 

cry 

sup  port' 

sad 

night 

north 

nois^ 

old 

day 

south 

qui'et 

new 

proud 

pos'i  tive 

right' eous 

right 

hum'ble 

neg'a  tive 

wick'ed 

left 

sweet 

strong 

sue  ceed' 

stin'gy 

sour 

weak 

fail 

gen'er  ous 

straight 

wealth 

wise 

youth 

crook'ed 

pov'er  ty 

foolish 

age 

Supply  antonyms  for  the  following :  advance,  absent,  bless,    cow- 
ardly, citizen,  foreigner,  grieve,  labor,  refuse,  scatter. 


36 


SYNONYMS    DISCRIMINATED 


Synonyms  Discriminated 

Synonyms  are  pairs  or  groups  of  words  having  a  meaning  in  common 
but  which  are  not  identical  in  meaning.  The  words  flexible  and' 
pliable  are  synonyms  with  the  common  meaning  of  yielding  to  pressure, 
but  flexible  conveys  the  idea  of  bending  or  springing  back  when  the 
pressure  is  removed,  whereas  pliable  conveys  the  idea  of  easily  con- 
forming to  a  certain  mould  or  shape.  The  sole  of  a  shoe  is  flexible, 
the  upper  is  pliable. 

Supply  the  common  meaning  in  the  following  pairs  of  synonyms, 
note  the  distinction  pointed  out,  and  use  the  synonyms  in  sentences 
which  bring  out  this  distinction. 


e  nough'. 
suf  fi'cient. 

11  leg'i  ble. 
un  read'a  ble. 

e  ter'nal. 

ev  er  last'ing. 

il  lit'er  ate. 
ig'no  rant. 

scru'pu  lous. 
con  sci  en'tious. 

in  ca'pa  ble. 
in  com'pe  tent. 

con  tin'u  ous. 
cease'less. 

CO  los'sal. 
vast. 

ag'i  ta  ted. 
ex  ci'ted. 

fool'ish. 
ab  surd'. 


Not  less  than  the  required  amount. 
Adequate  to  satisfy  one's  needs. 

Written  badly  or  indistinctly. 
Not  fit  to  be  read. 

Without  beginning. 
Without  end. 

Unable  to  read  or  write. 

Lacking  in  knowledge  generally  diffused. 

Precise  in  conforming  to  standards. 
Obedient  to  the  sense  of  right  and  wrong. 

Not  able  because  of  power  not  given. 

Not  able  or  qualified  because  of  power  not  used. 

Prolonged  without  interruption. 
Prolonged  without  an  end. 

Of  huge  proportions. 
Of  great  extent. 

Disturbed  or  shaken  irregularly. 
Aroused  to  action. 

Contrary  to  good  sense. 

Contrary  to  the  first  principle  of  reasoning. 


SYNONYMS    DISCRIMINATED 


37 


bi'as. 
prej'u  dice. 

si'lent. 
tac'i  turn. 

con  temp'tu  ous. 
con  tempt'i  ble. 

in  con'gru  ous. 
in  com  patl  ble. 

com'mon. 
gen'er  al. 

i'dle. 
Wzy. 

fa'mous. 

dis  tin'guished. 

no'ted. 

no  to'ri  ous. 

gen'u  ine. 
au  then' tic. 

tame, 
gen'tle. 

dis  cov'er  y. 
in  ven'tion. 


er  ror. 
blun'der. 

cheer'ful  ness. 
gai'e  ty. 

com'fort. 
con  so  la'tion. 


A  mental  bent  in  a  certain  direction. 

A  premature  opinion  generally  unfavorable. 

Not  noisy  because  of  circumstances. 
Not  noisy  because  of  disposition. 

Showing  or  expressing  contempt. 
Deserving  contempt. 

Not  in  harmony. 

Incapable  of  existing  together. 

Often  met  with. 
Pertaining  to  the  majority. 

Unemployed. 
Averse  to  labor. 

Widely  known  because  of  talent  or  peculiarity. 
Standing  apart  because  of  public  services  or  learn- 
ing. 

Well  known  by  reputation. 
Widely  but  unfavorably  known. 

Correct  as  to  authorship  or  source. 
Correct  as  to  contents. 

Made  manageable  by  the  art  of  man. 
Docile  or  manageable  by  nature. 

The  bringing  to  light  of  something  before  unknown. 
The  production  or  creation  of  that  which  had  not 
before  existed. 

A  mistake  due  to  ignorance  or  accident. 
A  mistake  due  to  stupidity  or  carelessness. 

A  fixed  habit  of  mind. 

Occasional  excitement  of  animal  spirits. 

Ease  of  mind  or  body. 
Ease  of  spirit. 


38 


SYNONYMS    DISCRIMINATED 


mor  ti  fi  ca'tion. 

knowl'edge. 
wis'dom. 

gen'ius. 
tal'ent. 

in  a  bill  ty. 
dis  a  bil'i  ty. 

ap  pro  bastion, 
com  men  da'tion. 

char'ac  ter. 
rep  u  taction. 

ab'sti  nent 
tem'per  ate 

cus'tom. 
habit. 

ca  pad  ty. 
a  bill  ty. 

[  courtage. 

l  braVer  y. 
[for'ti  tude. 

I  her'o  ism. 

ca  laml  ty. 
dis  as'ter. 

[  ac'ci  dent. 

1  mis  f or'tune. 

ac  count', 
nar'ra  tive. 


Annoyance  due  to  repeated  acts. 
Wounded  pride  or  vanity. 

Information  concerning  a  subject. 
Knowledge  combined  with  experience. 

Great  power  of  mind  given  by  nature. 
Power  gained  through  training. 

Absence  of  ability  because  not  bestowed. 
Absence  of  ability  due  to  loss. 

Approval  of  equals  or  superiors. 
Approval  of  superiors. 

A  person's  moral  nature. 

What  is  thought  about  a  person's  moral  nature. 

Going  without  entirely. 
Using  in  moderation. 

Frequent  performance  of  an  act. 

An  act  performed  until  it  becomes  second  nature. 

Power  to  receive. 
Power  to  perform. 

That  quality  which  enables  one  to   meet  danger 

without  fear. 
Courage  displayed  in  outward  acts. 

That  quality  which  enables  one  to  bear  up  under 

trial. 
Devotion  to  some  noble  cause. 

A  widespread  misery  or  evil. 
A  sudden  or  distressing  event. 

That  which  happens  without  any  one's  direct  in- 
tention. 
Bad  luck. 

A  statement  of  a  single  event  or  experience. 
A  story  of  a  series  of  events  or  experiences. 


SYNONYMS    DISCRIMINATED 


39 


speech.  An  impromptu  or  informal  public  address, 

o  ra'tion.  A  formal  speech  for  a  special  occasion, 

har'mo  ny.  Adaptation  of  parts  to  one  another, 

mel'o  dy.  A  succession  of  single  pleasing  sounds, 

ma  jor'i  ty.  More  than  half  the  votes  received  by  all  the  candi- 

dates. 

plu  rail  ty.  More   votes   than   those    received  by   any   other 

candidate. 

in  sur  rec'tion.  Taking  arms  against  the  authority  of  the  govern- 
ment. 

re  volt'.  A  violent  attempt  to  throw  off  one  form  of  govern- 

ment for  another. 

I  com  pe  ti'tion.        Striving  for  something  sought  by  another  at  the 
same  time, 
em  u  la'tion.  Striving  to  equal  or  excel  another. 

firm'ness.  A  matter  of  will  power. 

con' Stan  cy.  A  matter  or  emotion  or  affection. 

com  punc'tion.         A  pricking  of  conscience, 
re  morse'.  A  gnawing  of  conscience. 

e  con'om  y.  Carefulness  in  outlay. 

fru  gal'i  ty.  Withholding  of  expenditure  or  supplies  to  a  pain- 

ful or  noticeable  degree. 

im  ag  i  na'tion.         The  constructive  or  creative  power  of  the  mind, 
fan'cy.  A  playful  or  capricious  creative  power. 

in'dus  try.  Habitual  devotion  to  work. 

dil'i  gence.  Application  to  some  particular  object  or  pursuit. 

anx  i'e  ty.  A  troubled  state  of  mind. 

so  lic'i  tude.  Concern  about  some  particular  person  or  thing. 

sum'ma  ry.  A  brief  statement  of  the  main  point. 

syn  op'sis.  A  general  view  of  a  subject  in  its  several  parts. 

hope.  ^  To  look  forward  to  with  desire. 

ex  pact'.  To  look  forward  to  as  probable  whether  desired  or 

not. 


40 


SYNONYMS   DISCRIMINATED 


hap'pen.  To  come  to  pass  by  chance. 

tran  spire'.  To  become  known. 

tol'er  ate.  To  put  up  with  that  which  is  disagreeable. 

per  mit'.  To  consent  to,  to  authorize. 

[ban'ish.  To  send  away  froni  any  customary  or  desired 
place. 

'  ex'ile.  To  expel  from  one's  native  land. 

a  ban' don.  To  give  up  wholly. 

de  sert'.  To  run  away  from. 

con  ceal'.  To  cover  up. 

dis  guise'.  To  make  appear  otherwise  than  in  true  character. 

ex  cuse'.  To  overlook. 

par'don.  To  remit  the  penalty  of. 

pun'ish.  To  inflict  penalty  with  the  object  of  upholding  the 

law. 

chas  tise'.  To  correct  with  the  object  of  reforming  the  of- 
fender. 

as  sent'.  To  agree  to  or  concur  with. 

con  sent'.  To  yield  voluntarily. 

re  spect'.  To  hold  worthy  of  consideration. 

es  teem'.  To  value  because  of  moral  worth. 


Give  the  difference  in  the  meaning  of  the  following  synonyms,  and 
use  them  in  sentences. 


boyish,  puerile 
surprised,  astonished 
durable,  lasting 
sure,  certain 
barbarous,  savage 
brute,  beast 
jealousy,  envy 
blaze,  flame 
beseech,  implore 
vibrate,  oscillate 


religious,  pious 
courteous,  polite 
accurate,  exact 
pretty,  beautiful 
trustworthy,  reliable 
definition,  explanation 
evidence,  proof 
duty,  obligation 
cry,  weep 
falsify,  prevaricate 


RULES    FOR    SPELLING 


41 


Rules  for  Spelling 

I.  Words  of  one  syllable  and  words  accented  on  the  last  syllable 
ending  in  a  single  consonant  preceded  by  a  single  vowel  generally 
double  the  final  consonant  before  a  suffix  beginning  with  a  vowel. 


plan 

planned 

bag 

baggage 

submit 

submitted 

nut 

nutting 

swim 

swimmer 

forbid 

forbidden 

red 

redden 

beg 

beggar 

begin 

beginning 

excel 

excellent 

commit 

committee 

occur 

occurrence 

Make  a  list  of  ten  other  words  which  illustrate  Rule  I. 

II.  When  the  accent  is  not  on  the  last  syllable,  or  when  the  final 
consonant  is  preceded  by  two  vowels  or  by  another  consonant,  the 
final  consonant  is  generally  not  doubled. 

Note  why  the  consonant  is  not  doubled  in  each  of  the  following 
words : 


boil 

boiler 

marvel 

marvelous 

neglect 

neglected 

repeal 

repealed 

succeed 

succeeded 

comment 

commented 

similar 

similarity 

contain 

container 

bear 

bearing 

parallel 

paralleled 

Make  a  list  of  ten  other  words  which  illustrate  Rule  II. 

Add  a  suffix  beginning  with  a  vowel  to  each  of  the  following  words 
and  give  the  reason  for  doubling  or  not  doubling  the  final  consonant : 


prefer 

step 

run 

regret 

sustain 

reach 

contrast 

creep 

pencil 

club 

chat 

rebel 

prop 

remit 

cheer 

wrap 

abet 

rain 

patter 

gain 

42 


RULES    FOR    SPELLING 


III.   Words  ending  in  silent  e  generally  droy  the  e  before  a  suffix 
beginning  with  a  vowel. 


blame 

blamable 

pleasure 

pleasurable 

imagine 

imaginable 

erase 

erasure 

calculate 

calculating 

pursue 

pursued 

sincere 

sincerity 

move 

movable 

precede 

preceded 

grieve 

grievance 

Make  a  list  of  ten  other  words  which  illustrate  Rule  III. 


IV.   Words  ending  in  silent  e  generally  retain  the  e  before  a  suffix 
beginning  with  a  consonant. . 


polite 

politeness 

hate 

hateful 

move 

movement 

noise 

noiseless 

definite 

definitely 

rude 

rudeness 

mere 

merely 

trouble 

troublesome 

bereave 

bereavement 

fierce  * 

fierceness 

Make  a  list  of  ten  other  words  which  illustrate  Rule  IV. 

Note.     Words  ending  in  ce  and  ge  also  retain  the  e  before  suffixes 
beginning  with  a  or  o  to  keep  the  c  and  g  soft. 


service 

serviceable 

outrage 

outrageous 

trace 

traceable 

singe 

singeing 

advantage 

advantageous 

change 

changeable 

courage 

courageous 

notice 

noticeable 

V.   Words  ending  in  y  preceded  by  a  consonant  generally  change 
y  to  i  before  a  suffix  beginning  with  any  other  letter  than  i. 
Add  a  suffix  to  each  of  the  following  words  : 


century 

prodigy 

body 

defy 

malady 

facility 

crucify 

petrify 

gallery 

library 

satisfy 

apply 

RULES   FOR   SPELLING 


43 


VI.   Words  ending  in  y  preceded  by  a  vowel  generally  retain  the  y 


before  any  suffix. 

convoy  convoyed  enjoy 

slay  slayer  play 

boy  boyish  annoy 

buy  buyer  stray 

Add  a  suffix  to  each  of  the  following  words : 

betray  employ  volley 

gray  array  gay 


enjoyable 
playful 
annoyance 
strayed 


buoy 


VII.    In  words  in  which  ie  is  pronounced  like  long  e,  all  letters  are 
followed  by  ie  except  c. 


relieve 
believe 


receive 
conceit 


lief 
shriek 


grieve 
fierce 


When  the  letter  c  you  spy 
Place  the  e  before  the  i. 


conceive 
receipt 


perceive 
deceive 


Explain  why  each  of  the  following  words  has  ie  or  ei : 
mischief  niece 


mien 


perceived 


thief 


siege 


besiege 
piece 


deceit 
ceiling 


yield 
received 


Rules  for  Spelling  the  Plural  of  Nouns 

VIII.    a.  Nouns  ending  in  o  preceded  by  a  vowel  generally  form  the 
plural  by  adding  s. 

studio            studios  portfolio            portfolios 

cameo            cameos  trio                    trios 

cuckoo           cuckoos  oratorio             oratorios 

shampoo        shampoos  ratio                  ratios 


44  RULES    FOR   SPELLING 

b.  Nouns  ending  in  o  preceded  by  a  consonant  generally  form  the 
plural  by  adding  es. 


tomato 

tomatoes 

tornado 

tornadoes 

echo 

echoes 

hero 

heroes 

negro 

negroes 

motto 

mottoes 

cargo 

cargoes 

potato 

potatoes 

c.  Many  nouns  ending  in  /  or  fe  form  the  plural  by  changing  the  j 
or  fe  to  ves. 


beef 

beeves 

wolf 

wolves 

knife 

knives 

loaf 

loaves 

sheaf 

sheaves 

wharf 

wharves 

calf 

calves 

half 

halves 

thief 

thieves 

wife 

wives 

d.  Nouns  ending  in  s,  ss,  ch  {tsh),  sh,  x,  and  z  form  the  plural 
by  adding  es  to  the  singular. 

chorus  choruses  witness  witnesses 

rush  rushes  mattress  mattresses 

church  churches  circus  circuses 

fox  foxes  adz  adzes 

wretch  wretches  gas  gases 

e.  Compound  nouns  usually  form  the  plural  by  adding  s  to  the 
principal  word. 

commander-in-chief  commanders-in-chief 

goose-quill  goose-quills 

major-general  major-generals 

/.  Letters,  figures  and  signs  form  the  plural  by  adding  apostrophe 
and  s. 

t,  t's;  i,  i's;  7,  7's ;  9,  9's ;   +,  +'s. 


SYLLABICATION 


47 


Syllabication 

It  is  not  possible  to  give  rules  for  the  division  of  words  into  syl- 
lables which  will  cover  all  cases,  but  since  it  is  frequently  necessary 
to  divide  a  word  at  the  end  of  a  line,  the  following  suggestions  are 
offered : 

1 .  The  root  or  stem  of  a  word  usually  forms  a  syllable  by  itself  and 
the  prefixes  and  suffixes  form  syllables  by  themselves  ;  as,  con  ceiv  able, 
un  like  ly. 

2.  When  a  doubled  letter  occurs  at  the  end  of  a  word,  the  suffix 
added  forms  a  syllable  by  itself ;  as,  tall,  tall  er. 

3.  When  a  consonant  at  the  end  of  a  word  is  doubled  before  adding 
a  suffix,  the  division  into  syllables  usually  comes  between  the  doubled 
letters ;  as,  drop,  drop  ping. 

4.  A  word  pronounced  as  one  syllable  should  never  be  divided, 
even  though  it  consists  of  a  root  and  the  suffix  ed;  as,  hoped. 

5.  A  syllable  of  one  letter  should  never  be  written  by  itself  at  the 
end  of  a  line  ;  if  there  is  not  room  for  the  whole  word  at  the  end  of  the 
line,  the  word  should  be  written  on  the  next  line ;  as,  arose  should  not 
be  separated  into  a  rose. 

6.  In  words  ending  in  le  like  apple,  little,  syllable,  the  final  le  is 
joined  to  the  preceding  consonant  to  form  a  syllable ;  as,  ap  pie,  lit  tie, 
syl  la  ble 


Divide  the  following  words  into  syllables : 


extolled 

batter 

spectacle 

written 

division 

amassing 

sluggard 

watcher 

desired 

scattered 

defied 

jogged 

roped 

unlovable 

penciled 

ragged 

except 

recalling 

watching 

happiest 

department 

rashness 

friendliness 

rubber 

punishable 

discharge 

between 

seller 

enjoyable 

deceived 

blessed 

bobbed 

runner 

sometimes 

defrauded 

hateful 

baffling 

vineyard 

happened 

wedded 

unlawful 

succeeded 

unpleasing 

simple 

46 


RULES    FOR   SPELLING 


Review 

Give  the  rule  which  applies  to  the  spelling  of  each  of  the  following 
words : 


pitiable 

maddened 

enjoyed 

shrieking 

committed 

kidnaping 

achieve 

fanciful 

marking 

spoiled 

dutiful 

remedied 

bluish 

likable 

deterring 

spotted 

Form  the  plural  of  each  of  the  following  and  give  the  rule : 

dish  plateau  yea  elf 

shelf  hero  myself  shoe 

peach  bush  gypsy 

duty  son-in-law  jay 


soap 
pulley 


Form  the  possessive  singular  of  each  of  the  following : 

ally  enemy  Dickens  Emma 

Dr.  Jones  major  man-servant  trout 

Addison  and  Steele  son-in-law  madam 

King  of  England  mother  Lucy 

Form  the  possessive  plural  of  each  of  the  following  : 

Miss  Smith  ox  he  councilman 

it  wife  ocean  Mr.  Taylor 

fairy  Englishman  sheep  madam 

bee  lily  cannon  memory 


Familiar  Compounds 

NOT    TO    BE 

Separated 

herself 

outside 

herewith 

wherever 

himself 

upon 

always 

whoever 

itself 

into 

already 

forever 

myself 

inside 

together 

throughout 

yourself 

within 

therefore 

therein 

themselves 

without 

whenever 

aforesaid 

ourselves 


whereby 


whereas 


almost 


SYLLABICATION 


47 


Syllabication 

It  is  not  possible  to  give  rules  for  the  division  of  words  into  syl- 
lables which  will  cover  all  cases,  but  since  it  is  frequently  necessary 
to  divide  a  word  at  the  end  of  a  line,  the  following  suggestions  are 
offered : 

1 .  The  root  or  stem  of  a  word  usually  forms  a  syllable  by  itself  and 
the  prefixes  and  suffixes  form  syllables  by  themselves  ;  as,  con  ceiv  able, 
un  like  ly. 

2.  When  a  doubled  letter  occurs  at  the  end  of  a  word,  the  suffix 
added  forms  a  syllable  by  itself ;  as,  tall,  tall  er. 

3.  When  a  consonant  at  the  end  of  a  word  is  doubled  before  adding 
a  suffix,  the  division  into  syllables  usually  comes  between  the  doubled 
letters ;  as,  drop,  drop  ping. 

4.  A  word  pronounced  as  one  syllable  should  never  be  divided, 
even  though  it  consists  of  a  root  and  the  suffix  ed;  as,  hoped. 

5.  A  syllable  of  one  letter  should  never  be  written  by  itself  at  the 
end  of  a  line  ;  if  there  is  not  room  for  the  whole  word  at  the  end  of  the 
line,  the  word  should  be  written  on  the  next  line ;  as,  arose  should  not 
be  separated  into  a  rose. 

6.  In  words  ending  in  le  like  apple,  little,  syllable,  the  final  le  is 
joined  to  the  preceding  consonant  to  form  a  syllable ;  as,  ap  pie,  lit  tie, 
syl  la  ble 


Divide  the  following  words  into  syllables : 


extolled 

batter 

spectacle 

written 

division 

amassing 

sluggard 

watcher 

desired 

scattered 

defied 

jogged 

roped 

unlovable 

penciled 

ragged 

except 

recalling 

watching 

happiest 

department 

rashness 

friendliness 

rubber 

punishable 

discharge 

between 

seller 

enjoyable 

deceived 

blessed 

bobbed 

runner 

sometimes 

defrauded 

hateful 

baffling 

vineyard 

happened 

wedded 

unlawful 

succeeded 

unpleasing 

simple 

48  RULES    FOR   SIMPLIFIED    SPELLING 

Rules  Adopted  by  the  Simplified  Spelling  Board  ^ 

1.  Words  spelled  with  ae,  ae,  or  e.  Rule:  Choose  e.  Ex.: 
Anesthetic,  chimera,  era,  esthetic,  ether,  medieval,  paleontology,  etc. 

2.  Words  spelled  with  -dge-ment  or  -dg-ment.  Rule  :  Omit  -e. 
Ex. :  Abridgment,  acknowledgment,  judgment,  lodgment. 

3.  Words  spelled  with  -ed  or  -t,  the  preceding  single  consonant 
being  doubled  before  -ed  (-pped,  -ssed)  and  left  single  before  -t  {-pt, 
-st).  Rule:  Choose  -t  in  all  cases.  Ex.:  Dipt,  dript,  dropt,  stept, 
stopt,  blest,  prest,  mist,  blusht,  washt,  etc. 

3  a.  By  a  later  rule  -ed  is  changed  to  -t  after  a  syllable  containing 
a  short  vowel  and  ending  in  a  consonant.  Ex. :  askt,  annext,  packt, 
reacht. 

4.  Words  spelled  with  -ence  or  -ense  (Latin  -ensa).  Rule: 
Choose  -ense.     Ex. :  Defense,  offense,  pretense.     Also  license. 

5.  Words  spelled  with  -ette  or  -et.  Rule  :  Omit  -te.  Ex. :  Co- 
quet, epaulet,  etiquet,  omelet,  quartet,  quintet,  septet,  sextet,  etc. 

6.  Words  spelled  with  gh  or  f.  Rule :  Choose  f.  Ex. :  Draft 
for  draught;  like  dwarf  for  earlier  dwargh,  dwergh. 

7.  Words  spelled  with  -gh,  or  without.  (1)  -ough  or  -ow.  Rule  : 
Choose  -ow.  Ex. :  Plow.  (2)  -ough  or  -o.  Rule  :  Choose  -o.  Ex. : 
Altho,  tho,  thoro,  -boro  (in  place-names). 

8.  Words  with  the  Greek  verb-suffix  spelled  -ise  or  -ize.  Rule: 
Choose  -ize.     Ex. :  Civilize,  criticize,  exorcize,  etc. 

9.  Words  spelled  with  unstrest  -ite  or  -it.  Rule :  Omit  e.  Ex. : 
Deposit,  preterit;  like  habit,  orbit,  spirit,  visit,  etc. 

9  a.  By  a  later  rule  the  unstrest  final  syllables  -lie,  -ine,  -ise,  -ite 
and  -ive,  when  i  is  short,  are  changed  by  dropping  the  final  e  to  -il,  -in, 
-is,  -it,  and  -iv.     Ex. :  Docil,  missil,  engin,  famin,  practis,  infinit,  aciiv. 

10.  Words  spelled  with -11  or -1  (-ill  or -il).     Rule  :  Choose -1.     Ex.: 
Distil,  fulfil,  instil;  like  until,  compel,  impel,  etc. 

11.  Words  spelled  with  -11-  or  -1-  before  -ful  or  -ness.     Rule  :  Omit 
one  1.     Ex. :  Skilful,  wilful,  dulness,  fulness. 

12.  Words  spelled  with  -mme  or  -m.     Rule :  Omit  -me.     Ex. : 
Gram,  program;  like  diagram,  epigram,  monogram,  etc. 

*  Rules  3,  3  a,  9  a  and  19  are  not  yet  followed  widely. 


RULES    FOR    SIMPLIFIED    SPELLING 


49 


13.  Words  spelled  with  oe,  ce,  or  e.  Rule  :  Choose  e.  Ex. :  Ecu- 
menical, esophagus,  phenix,  suhpena;  like  economy,  penal,  etc. 

14.  Words  spelled  with  -our  or  -or.  Rule :  Choose  -or.  Ex. : 
Ardor,  candor,  clamor,  color,  favor,  flavor,  honor,  humor,  labor,  rumor, 
tumor,  valor,  vigor,  etc. ;  also,  arbor,  harbor,  neighbor,  etc. ;  in  con- 
formity with  the  now  invariable  error,  horror,  torpor,  etc.,  actor,  author, 
creator,  governor,  etc.,  previously  simplified  from  -our. 

15.  Words  spelled  with  ph  or  f.  Rule  :  Choose  f.  Ex. :  Fantasm, 
fantasy,  fantom,  sulfate,  sulfur;  like  fancy,  frantic,  frenzy,  coffer,  coffin, 
etc.,  which  originally  had  ph. 

16.  Words  spelled  -rr  or  -r.  Rule :  Omit  one  r.  Ex. :  Bur,  pur; 
like  cur,  fur,  blur,  slur,  spur,  car,  far,  fir,  stir,  etc. 

17.  Words  spelled  with  -re  or  -er.  Rule :  Choose  -er.  Ex. :  Ac- 
couter,  center,  fiber,  meter,  miter,  niter,  saltpeter,  scepter,  sepulcher, 
somber,  specter,  theater;  like  counter,  diameter,  number,  etc. 

18.  Words  spelled  with  s  or  z  (in  the  root).  Rule :  Choose  z. 
Ex. :  Apprize,  assize,  comprize,  enter  prize,  raze,  surprize,  teazel;  like 
braze,  craze,  haze,  maze,  breeze,  freeze,  prize,  size,  etc.,  of  the  same  class. 
Rize,  wize,  rouze,  etc.,  were  also  once  common. 

19.  Words  spelled  with  s  or  sc  (with  an  erroneous  c).  Rule : 
Omit  c.     Ex. :  Simitar,  sissors,  sithe. 

20.  Words  spelled  with  or  without  silent  ue.  Rule :  Omit  -ue. 
Ex. :  Catalog,  decalog,  demagog,  pedagog,  prolog. 

Twelve  Words   in  the   Simpler  Spellings   Adopted  and 
Used  since  1898  by  the  National  Education  Association 


the 

for 

though 

thoroly 

for     thoroughly 

altho 

although 

catalog 

''      catalogue 

thru 

through 

decalog 

"      decalogue 

thruout 

throughout 

pedagog 

"      pedagogue 

thoro 

thorough 

program 

"      programme 

thorofare 

thoroughfare 

prolog 

"      prologue 

These  spellings  are  now  recognized  as  good  usage  by  the  leading 
American  dictionaries,  the  Century,  the  Standard,  and  Webster*s. 


50 


EXERCISES   IN    PRONUNCIATION 

Exercises  in  Pronunciation 


In  spoken  language,  pronunciation  is  the  most  striking  element, 
and  thus  it  happens  that  it,  more  than  any  other  one  thing,  is  the 
most  obvious  test  of  general  culture.  —  W.  H.  Phyfe. 

Pronounce  as  one  syllable. 


drowned 

film 

schism 

elm 

chasm 

prism 

helm 

rhythm 

prune 

Sound  the  a  as  in  arm,  father,  ah. 

palm 

craunch 

sonata 

piano 

soprano 

Colorado 

psalm 

jaunt 

Alabama 

calm 

flaunt 

Nevada 

banana 

laugh 

Montana 

Sound  the  oo  as  o  in 

who. 

whoop 

broom 

room 

coop 

r5of 

moon 

ho5f 

soon 

moor 

woof 

spoon 

hoop 

f5od 

proof 

cooper 

Pronounce  all  the  syllables  distinctly. 

Sat'ur  day 

vet'^r  an 

mys'^er  y 

Feh'ru  a  ry 

wt' ter  ance 

mack'er  el 

rec^og  nize 

car'c?^  nal 

mem'o  ry 

sec're  tar  y 

me  di  eVal 

i  de'^\ 

differ  ent 

in'flu  ence 

tem' per  ance 

su' per  in  tend'ent 

va'ri  e  ga  ted 

cen  ten^ni  al 

goVern  or 

val'i^  a  ble 

conifer  ence 

emVr  aid 

mag  no'K  a 

hat'ter  y 

min'i  a  ture 

tem'per  a  ment 

sen%*  nel 

prob'a  bly 

reg'w  lar 

ter'n  ble 

EXERCISES   IN   PRONUNCIATION 


51 


Distinguish  between  the  following  pairs 

of  words  in  pronu 

and  meaning. 

psalm 

cav'al  ry 

coal 

Sam 

Cal'va  ry 

cold 

lore 

sects 

gap 

law 

sex 

gape 

do 

pa'trori 

stead'y 

due 

pat' tern 

stud'y 

rad'ish 

cho'ral 

par'don  er 

red'dish 

cor'al 

part'ner 

Stu'art 

whol'ly 

dai'ry 

stew'ard 

ho'ly 

di'a  ry 

rood 

fair'y 

just 

rude 

fer'ry 

jest 

hal'lowed 

lin'i  ment 

des'ert 

hollowed 

lin'e  a  ment 

des  sert' 

Ma'ry 

chaise 

piriar 

mer'ry 

chase 

piriow 

en'gine 

.  sore 

to   gath'er 

In'di  an 

saw 

to  geth'er 

track 

ten'et 

spear 

tract 

ten'ant 

sphere 

Pronounce  the  following  words  with  close 
letters. 

na'ked 
car'tridge 
arc 'tic 
ti'ny 
I  tallies 
p^'nal 
va  nil'la 
pzth 


attention  to  the  italicized 


nas  tur'tium 

cat'er  pil'lar 

serine 

s^rug 

clothes 

cu'po  Id 

scm'ic 

sur  prise 

depths 

pump  kin 

cor'nice 

per  spi  ra'tion 

cran'berry 

ant  arc'  tic 

trough  (f) 

pen'knife 

52 


EXERCISES   IN   PRONUNCIATION 


It  is  in  the  delicate  but  firm  utterance  of  the  unaccented  vowels 
with  correct  sound  that  the  cultured  person  is  most  surely  distinguished 
from  the  uncultured.  —  Richard  Grant  White. 


Sound  the  vowel  in  the  unaccented  syllable. 


mar'k^t 

velvet 

vi'o  let 

pas'twre 

eVil 

dev'zl 

civ'il 

pen'cil 

hon'est 

mod'est 

weak'est 

smair^st 

flor'zd 

stu'pid 

hor'rid 

ran'cid 

sor'did 

rap'id 

sharp'en 

heark'en 

brok'en 

dark'en 

slovVn 

stiff'm 

]ew'e\ 

rev'el 

mod'el 

bev'el 

trow'el 

tas's(?l 

hov'el 

vow 'el 

Sound  the  long  o  preceding  the  silent  w. 

win'dow 

mor'row 

yel'low 

har'row 

feriow 

ar'row 

fol'low 

fallow 

meriow 

sal'low 

bor'row 

bar'row 

Sound  the  ew  like  long  u. 

blew  slew 

new  drew 

be  dew'  a  new' 

chew  stew 


ves  tz/re 
punc'twrt^ 

fos'szl 
pu'pil 

in'ter  est 
high'est 

rig'id 
rab'td 
mor'bid 

fro'zen 

kitch'en 

chick'en 

fu'el 
nov'el 
ves'sel 
cru'el 


hol'low 

bel'low 

fur'row 

bur'row 

pil'low 

nar'row 


re  new 
dew 
clew 
knew 


EXERCISES   IN    PRONUNCIATION 


53 


Sound  the  long  u. 


ser'vi  tude 

flu'ent 

pur  sue' 

in  duce' 

for' tune 

tu'lip 

ed'u  cate 

glue 

tu'tor 

de  lude' 

lu'cid 

spec'u  late 

du'ty 

nu'cle  us 

flu'id 

ex  u'ber  ance 

at'ti  tude 

di  lute' 

Tues'day 

av'e  nue 

sol'i  tude 

ac'cu  rate 

a'gue 

juice 

cu'li  na  ry 

tune 

stu'dent 

Do  not  slur  the  vowels 

in  the  unaccented  syllables. 

stu'dent 

may'or 

coun'sd 

por' trait 

tur'nip 

nov'zce 

si'lmce 

stom'ach 

cur'rant 

mar'gm 

voy'age 

tu'tor 

sen'tmce 

li'lac 

dam'age 

mal'ice 

rec'ord 

or'phan 

vow'el 

con'so  nant 

vic'ti'm 

us'w  al 

prin'c^ss 

lan'tern 

The  medial  a  as  in  ask,  past,  soda,  is  intermediate  between  a  as  in  at 
and  a  as  in  arm.     Some  practice  is  required  to  give  it  correctly. 

glass 

path 

class 

dance 

prance 

France 

laugh 


castle 

asp 

chant 

grass 

basket 

pass 

calf 

aft 

caste 

aghast 

ask 

cask 

after 

chaff 

Sound  the  final  long  o. 

A  pol'lo 
Rol'lo 


to  ma'to 
po  ta'to 


ne  gro 
pi  a'no 


54  EXERCISES    IN    PRONUNCIATION 


can'to 

mu  lat'to 

so  pra'no 

mot'to 

vol  ca'no 

or  a  to'ri  5 

tor  na'do 

ra'ti  0 

tri'o 

Pronounce  the  following  words  aloud  with  special  attention  to  the 
accent ;  write  from  dictation,  marking  the  accent. 

re  source'  va  ga'ry  vac'cine 

res'pite  vas'e  line  un  ac  cent'ed 

ex  press'  ve'he  ment  bur  lesque' 

ro  bust'  per'emp  to  ry  syr'inge 

rou  tine'  ex'qui  site  gon'do  la 

ti  rade'  per 'fume  (n.)  for 'mi  da  ble 

trib'une  pi  an'ist  mis'chiev  ous 

hos'pi  ta  ble  com  man  dant'  rep'u  ta  ble 

The  following  proper  names  are  often  mispronounced.  Note  the 
number  of  syllables,  the  accent  and  the  vowel  sounds. 

Ar'ab  Bur'gun  dy  Je  ru'^a  lem 

I  tal'  ian  Col  os  se'um  Lab  ra  dor' 

Ap  pa  lach'i  an  Cin  cin  na'ti  A  pol  li  na'ris 

Ar'a  bic  Da'nish  New  Or'le  ans 

Bag  dad'  Gol'go  tha  Per'5^  a 

Be  er'she  ba  Hd'bo  ken  A'si  a 

Ben  gal'  Ja'va  Ches'a  peake 

Having  acquired  the  sound  of  medial  a  use  it  consistently,  not  as 
George  Ade's  western  freshman  at  Harvard  who  spoke  of  taking  "  a 
bath  in  a  bath-tub." 

trance 

ghast'ly 

draft 

gasp 

grant 

grasp 


lath 

pant 

bath 

un  mask' 

mas'ter 

cu'po  la 

pa  ja'ma 

half 

en  hance 

glass 'y 

slant 

task 

EXERCISES   IN   PRONUNCIATION 


55 


The  sound  of  5  midway  between  6  as  in  not  and  6  as  in  or  is  found 
in  a  large  number  of  English  words.  Webster  says,  '*  To  give  the  ex- 
treme short  sound  to  such  words  is  affectation ;  to  give  them  the  full 
sound  of  broad  a  (as  in  awful)  is  vulgar." 


coffee 
cost 
cough 
god 
cof  fin 


gone 
gos  pel 


frost 

trough 

mock 

cross 

moss 

office 

moth 

song 

orange 

tongs 

scoff 

dog 

s6f  ten 

off 

The  following  French  words  are  common  in  English.  Note  care- 
fully the  accent  and  division  into  syllables.  Frequently  the  vowel 
sounds  can  be  gained  only  by  imitation. 


de  bris' 

buf  fet' 

non  cha  lant' 

clique 

en  core' 

cou  pe' 

me  nu' 

por  ti  ere' 

de'but 

suite 

jar  di  niere' 

de  bu  tante' 

chic 

bou  doir' 

na'ive 

en  nui' 

pro  te  ge' 

neg  li  gee' 

ca  fe' 

bla  se' 

ren'dez  vous 

Slovenly  speech  is  most  frequently  marked  by  the  omission  of  final 
consonants.  This  fault  should  be  carefully  guarded  against.  Sound 
final  consonants  in  the  following  words. 


jus< 

slep< 

height 

Tind 

kept 

don'^ 


adep^' 

insect 

bran(i  new 

drought 

sect 

thousanc? 

smd 

stsind 

grandfather 

draff 

locust 

fast 

56 


EXERCISES   IN   PRONUNCIATION 


Pronounce  the  following  words  aloud  with  special  attention  to  the 
accent ;  write  from  dictation,  marking  the  accent. 


ro  mance' 

con'flu  ent 

ex'em  pla  ry 

re  cess' 

con'tra  ry 

hos'pi  ta  ble 

guard'i  an 

ca  price' 

in'dus  try 

ab  ject' 

brig'and 

in'fa  mous 

a  dept' 

ca  nine' 

min'u  et 

adult' 

al  Hes' 

mor'phine 

a  ma  teur' 

or'de  al 

mous  tache' 

a  pro  pos' 

cor'net 

il  lus'trate 

chas'tise  ment 

des'pi  ca  ble 

oc  cult' 

con  do'lence 

dis  in'ter  est  ed 

re  search' 

Distinguish  between  the  following  pairs  of  words  in  pronunciation 
and  meaning. 

whale 
wail 


where 
wear 

wheel 
weal 

which 
witch 

what 
wot 

whig 
wig 

when 
wen 


white 

whine 

wight 

wine 

whist 

whorled 

wist 

world 

whet 

whit 

wet 

wit 

wheat 

why 

weet 

wye 

whether 

whoa 

weather 

woe 

whey 

whither 

way 

wither 

while 

anywhere 

wile 

any  wear 

EXERCISES   IN   PRONUNCIATION  '  57 

Pronounce  all  the  syllables  in  the  following  words. 


li'bra  ry 

in'ter  est 

bound'a  ry 

trick'er  y 

bois'ter  ous 

lau'da  num 

sal'a  ry 

dan'de  li  on 

sar  sa  pa  ril'la 

pros'per  ous 

om'e  let 

as  par'a  gus 

e  lev'en 

ad'e  noids 

veg'e  ta  ble 

re'al 

li'on 

lab'or  a  to  ry 

re'al  ly 

lic'o  rice 

mis'er  a  ble 

soph'o  more 

choc'o  late 

yes'ter  day 

gen'er  al 

ev'er  y 

pres'i  dent 

Pronounce  the  following  word  combinations  with  attention  to  the 
separation  of  the  italicized  final  and  initial  consonant's. 

won't  you.  could  you  stsmd  him 

can'i  you  woul^Z  you  ieed  her 

fii  you  need  you  lead  him. 

rest  you  hit  him  let  her 

shoulc?  you  help  her  sell  them. 

Se<  your  basket  down.  Heap  them  high. 

Fold  your  ^ands.  Lef  them  he. 

Clasp  them  together.  Cu^  your  apple. 

Fut  your  hai  here.  "Must  you  let  them. 


Do  not  give  the  sound  of  r  in  the  italicized  words  of  the  following 
sentences  if  it  does  not  belong  there. 

Noah  was  in  the  lower  field. 
With  a  tear  he  dismissed  the  idea. 
The  hammer  belonged  to  Emma. 
Draw  some  more  pictures. 
The  window  did  not  hinder  him. 
The  manner  was  that  of  Hannah. 


58 


EXERCISES    IN    PRONUNCIATION 


The  following  common  words  when  mispronounced  in  certain  lo- 
calities sometimes  form  dialect,  sometimes  are  mere  vulgarisms. 
One's  pronunciation  should  not  betray  the  part  of  the  country  from 
which  he  comes. 


a' corn 

fowght 

rmse 

a  cross' 

gawnt 

rise 

a  haid' 

get 

Toil 

a  gain'  {gen  in  U.  S.) 

have 

school 

al  low' 

height 

scythe 

a/'most 

hm'der 

shad'ow? 

aVways 

hold 

shwt 

a'proTi 

i'ron  (urn) 

smce 

ar'gue 

in'to 

six^A 

ar  rest' 

joint 

sl^ek 

a  shamed' 

]ust 

some'thmgr 

asA:ed 

keg 

spar'row; 

ate 

kept 

stmd'y 

at  ten'tion 

ket'tle 

sub'jec^ 

be  cause' 

law 

sup  pose' 

can 

let 

swal'loi^ 

catch 

lo'cusf 

ter'ri  ble 

chair 

meas'ure  (mes) 

them. 

chiVdren 

noth'ing  (nuth) 

th^r^'fore 

chim'ney 

o  hlige^ 

thresh 

com'pa  ny 

oil 

to-mor'row; 

coop 

old 

towch 

cov'er 

on'ion 

twice 

crea'ti^re 

once  {wunc) 

used 

dram 

par  tic'u  lar 

wash 

drearf'ful 

put  (u  as  in  full) 

world? 

en  joy' 

per  haps' 

wres'tled 

ex'tra 

pic'ture 

2/east 

^g'ure 

poor  (oo  as  in  book) 

yes 

for 

pret'ty  (pn'O 

y^t 

p 


EXERCISES   IN   PRONUNCIATION 


59 


Review  of  Words  Most  Frequently  Mispronounced 

Recall  from  the  previous  exercises  the  faults  to  be  avoided  in  pro- 
nouncing the  following  words : 


sal  ar  y 

lie  o  rice 

tur  nip 

on  ion 

rasp  ber  ry 

stom  ach 

e  lev  en 

e  vil 

as  par  a  gus 

stew 

clothes 

gov  ern  or 

at  ti  tude 

tem  per  a  ment 

sect 

stead  y 

drought 

In  di  an 

height 

pil  low 

neu  ral  gi  a 

gath  er 

towel 

cu  li  na  ry 

ac  cur  ate 

ne  gro 

jew  el  er 

Tues  day 

ro  bust 

suite 

A  si  a 

Ar  ab 

Da  nish 

New  Or  le  ans 

gon  do  la 

stu  pid 

god 

vi  0  let 

vow  el 

pi  ano 

song 

chic 

dew 

li  lac 

or  ange 

drowned 

rec  og  nize 

cafe 

re  al 

hos  pi  ta  ble 

pat  tern 

dis  in  ter  est  ed 

arc  tic 

a  ma  teur 

hoist 

guard  ian 

seen  ic 

cor  nice 

dan  de  li  on 

re  al  ly 

rinse 

sur  prise 

yes  ter  day 

per  spi  ra  tion 

cu  po  la 

ad  e  noids 

li  bra  ry 

bor  row 

soph  o  more 

in  ter  est 

or  phan 

choc  0  late 

pic  ture 

white 

av  e  nue 

bound  a  ry 

om  e  let 

spec  u late 

I  tal  i  an 

pi  an  ist 

wheel 

duty 

wheat 

Ho  bo  ken 

coop 

part  ner 

to-mor  row 

mis  er  a  ble 

punc  ture 

wheth  er 

catch 

por  ti  ere 

neg  li  gee 

60  COMMON   MISTAKES   IN   SPEECH 

Common  Mistakes  in  Speech 

If  we  would  cultivate  ourselves  in  the  use  of  English,  we  must  make  our 
daily  talk  accurate,  daring,  and  full.  I  have  insisted  on  these  points  the  more 
because  in  my  judgment  all  literary  power,  especially  that  of  busy  men,  is 
rooted  in  sound  speech.  —  Self -Cultivation  in  English.     By  G.  H.  Palmer. 

A  is  no  longer  prefixed  to  participles,  except  perhaps  occasionally  in 

poetry.     He  went  fishing. 
Accept  means  to  receive,  to  take  to  oneself ;  as,  They  accept  the  gifts. 

Except  is  most  frequently  used  as  a  preposition  and  should  not 

be  confused  with  accept.     They  all  went  except  John. 
Affect  should  be  carefully  distinguished  from  effect.     Affect  means 

to  act  upon,  to  influence;  as,  The  song  affected  the  man.     Effect 

means  to  cav^e,  to  bring  about;  as.  The  remedy  effected  a  cure  in 

spite  of  the  serious  condition  of  the  patient. 
Aggravate  means  to  make  worse,  to  intensify ;  as,  The  suffering  of  the 

wounded  soldier  was  aggravated  by  the  intense  heat.     Exasperate 

means  to  annoy  greatly ;  as.  The  teacher  wa^  exasperated  by  the 

boy's  inattention. 
Alike  should  not  be  preceded  by  both  in  such  a  sentence  as,  The  horses 

are  alike.    The  inclusion  of  both  implies  that  one  may  be  different. 
All  is  not  necessarily  followed  by  of  when  entirety  is  expressed.     I 

met  them  all.  Take  it  all,  I  saw  all  my  friends,  —  these  examples 

conform  to  the  best  usage. 
Almost  should  not  be  contracted  to  most  in  such  a  sentence  as,  The 

work  is  almost  finished.     Neither  should  about  be  substituted  for 

almost  in  such  a  sentence. 
Among  is  used  when  several  persons  or  things  are  referred  to ;  as.  The 

money  was  divided  among  the  six  children.     Between  is  used 

with  reference  to  two;    as.  He  found  himself  between  the  devil 

and  the  deep  sea. 
Amount  refers   to  the  sum   total;    as,  amount  of  a  bill,  of  money. 

Number  is  used  when  individuals  are  thought  of ;  as,  number  of 

dollars,  stones,  persons. 
Am  not  has  no  contraction  and  both  words  must  be  used  in  asking  a 

question;  as,  Am  I  not?    But  in  a  statement,  /  am  not  may  be 

shortened  to  Fm  not. 


COMMON   MISTAKES   IN   SPEECH  61 

Angry  means  vexed,  out  of  patience,  and  should  not  be  confused  with 
mad,  which  means  insane  or  afflicted  with  hydrophobia. 

Anywhere  or  somewhere  rather  than  any  place  or  some  place  should  be 
used  in  such  sentences  as,  I  cannot  go  anywhere;  It  may  be 
somewhere  else. 

Anywhere,  nowhere  and  somewhere  never  take  s  at  the  end.  I 
cannot  find  it  anywhere;  He  is  nowhere  to  be  seen. 

Apt  implies  natural  inclination ;  as.  An  only  child  is  apt  to  be  selfish. 
It  should  not  be  confused  with  likely,  which  expresses  mere  proba- 
bility or  chance  ;  as.  It  is  likely  to  rain  to-morrow. 

Are  not  may  be  contracted  to  aren't ;  as.  Aren't  you  ?  ArenH  they  ? 
AinH  is  a  vulgarism  and  its  use  should  be  avoided. 

Argue  should  not  be  confused  in  meaning  with  dispute.  To  argue 
is  to  make  a  matter  clear  by  reasoning ;  to  dispute  means  to  ob- 
ject to.     One  argues  a  case  but  one  disputes  a  bill. 

As,  not  like,  should  be  used  in  such  expressions  as,  Do  a^  I  do ;  Pro- 
nounce it  as  she  pronounced  it. 

As  and  so,  discriminated  in  comparisons,  may  be  made  to  express 
fine  shades  of  meaning.  The  sentence,  Mary  is  as  tall  as  her 
sister,  does  not  imply  that  either  Mary  or  her  sister  is  tall.  But 
the  sentence.  The  woman  is  not  so  old  as  her  husband,  implies 
age  on  the  part  of  the  husband. 

At  should  not  be  used  where  it  does  not  add  to  the  meaning.  It  is 
not  needed  in  the  sentences,  I  went  about  five  o'clock ;  Where 
am  I? 

At  home  should  not  be  contracted  to  home  in  the  sentence,  She  is  at  home 
to-day. 

Awful  means  full  of  awe  or  awe-inspiring.  It  is  synonymous  with 
fearful,  terrible,  and  its  use  should  be  restricted  to  the  expression 
of  this  meaning ;  as,  The  devastation  in  the  wake  of  the  retreat- 
ing army  was  awful.  Neither  awful  nor  awfully  should  be  used 
as  a  synonym  of  xery. 

Backward  and  backwards  may  be  discriminated  as  adjective  and  ad- 
verb respectively.  He  is  a  backward  pupil.  He  walked  back- 
wards. 


62  COMMON   MISTAKES   IN   SPEECH 

Bad  is  the  opposite  of  good  and  should  not  be  used  in  the  sense  of 
severe.     He  has  a  severe  cold. 

Balance  is  an  accountant's  term  and  means  that  which  must  he  added 
to  the  less  or  subtracted  from  the  greater.  It  should  not  be  used 
to  express  "that  which  is  left"  in  such  phrases  as,  the  remainder 
of  the  evening,  the  rest  of  the  meal. 

Begin  and  conimence  both  mean  to  enter  upon  something  new.  Be- 
gin is  the  simpler  and  consequently  should  be  used  the  more  fre- 
quently ;  as,  The  school  year  begins  next  week.  Start  implies 
motion ;  as.  The  train  starts  on  this  track. 

Beginner  means  one  who  is  new  at  his  work,  hence  the  word  new  is 
superfluous  when  used  before  it. 

Behave  is  neutral  in  meaning  and  should  be  qualified  by  well,  badly 
or  some  other  adverb  of  manner. 

Beside  means  by  the  side  of;  as.  He  sat  beside  me.  Besides  means  in 
addition  to;  as.  Besides  the  members  of  the  family,  there  were 
several  friends  at  the  wedding. 

Better  is  the  comparative  degree  of  good  and  should  be  used  to  com- 
pare two  persons  or  things ;  as,  This  is  the  better  of  the  two  pears. 
Best  is  the  superlative  degree  and  should  be  used  to  compare 
more  than  two;  as,  I  like  her  the  best  of  them  all. 

Between  as  a  preposition  takes  the  objective  case  after  it ;  as,  between 
her  and  me;  between  him  and  her. 

Between  is  properly  used  when  only  two  objects  are  referred  to ;  as, 
between  one's  lips.  Among  is  used  when  more  than  two  are  re- 
ferred to,  as,  among  five  children. 

Big  should  be  restricted  in  use  to  express  physical  bulk  or  dimensions. 
It  should  not  be  used  as  a  synonym  for  great.  Many  of  the  greatest 
men  have  not  been  big. 

Both  is  used  alone  before  nouns ;  as.  Both  men  ran  for  the  train. 
Both  is  followed  by  of  when  used  before  pronouns ;  as.  Both  of 
you  were  seen. 

But  should  not  be  preceded  by  else  in  such  a  sentence  as.  There  was 
no  one  but  him  present. 

Can  implies  power,  ability.     Emerson  defines  a  friend  as  one  who 


COMMON   MISTAKES   IN   SPEECH  63 

makes  you  do  what  you  can.  May  implies  permission  or  possi- 
hility;  as,  The  pupil  said,  "  May  I  go  home  now?  "  The  wind 
may  change  during  the  night. 

Cheap  should  not  be  used  as  a  synonym  of  shoddy  or  inferior.  It 
means  worth  more  than  the  cost;  as,  That  painting  by  Corot  was 
cheap  at  ten  thousand  dollars. 

Complexion  is  correctly  used  in  the  sentence.  She  has  a  dark  com- 
plexion.    There  is  no  authority  for  the  word  complected. 

Each  and  every  take  verbs  in  the  singular ;  as.  Each  of  the  children 
was  given  an  apple.     Emry  one  of  them  was  punished. 

Each  other  refers  to  two  only;  as.  The  brother  and  sister  love  each 
other.  One  another  refers  to  more  than  two;  as.  Christians  should 
treat  one  another  as  brothers. 

Either  and  neither  refer  to  one  of  two  and  should  be  followed  by  a 
verb  in  the  singular ;  as.  If  either  of  the  persons  mentioned  is  in 
the  room,  he  will  please  come  forward.  Neither  of  these  plants 
is  hardy.  Any  refers  to  one  of  several;  as.  Any  of  these  three 
men  is  strong  enough. 

Elder  is  better  than  older  when  members  of  the  same  family  are  re- 
ferred to ;  as.  He  resembles  his  elder  brother. 

Elegant  means  polished,  refined,  revealing  faultless  taste,  and  should 
be  used  to  convey  only  such  ideas ;  as,  The  apartment  was  ele- 
gant in  its  appointments.  The  manners  of  a  gentleman  of  the 
court  are  elegant. 

Enough  rather  than  plenty  should  be  used  when  a  sufficient  quantity 
is  meant ;  as,  I  do  not  wish  more  bread ;  I  have  enough. 

Except  and  unless  as  conjunctions  should  be  used  rather  than  the 
preposition  without  in  such  sentences  as,  I  shall  not  go  unless  he 
compels  me  ;  "Except  ye  become  as  a  little  child.'' 

Expect  means  to  look  forward  to,  to  anticipate;  as,  I  expect  her  on  the 
five  o'clock  train.  Guess  means  to  conjecture,  to  estimate  roughly; 
as,  She  guessed  at  the  amount  of  shortening  needed  for  the  pie. 
Reckon  means  to  conclude  after  calculation;  as,  He  reckoned  that 
his  profits,  after  paying  all  expenses,  would  be  about  thirty  per 
cent.  Suspect  means  to  distrust,  to  doubt  the  genuineness  or 
honesty  of;  as,  I  suspected  the  tramp  of  having  stolen  the  fruit. 


64  COMMON   MISTAKES   IN    SPEECH 

Farther  properly  refers  to  literal  distance;  as,  The  house  is  farther  up 

the  road.     Further  refers  to  degree  or  quality;  as,  He  is  further 

advanced  in  his  studies  than  I  was  at  his  age. 
Finished,  not  through,  should  be  used  to  denote  completion ;  as,  When 

I  have  finished  my  work,  I  will  go  with  you. 
Fix  strictly  means  to  make  secure,  to  fasten;  as.  He  fixed  the  hinge  in 

place.     To  overwork  it  by  using  it  in  the  sense  of  arrange,  re- 
pair, dress,  punish,  etc.,  shows  a  limited  vocabulary. 
Funny  should  be  used  only  to  refer  to  that  which  causes  a  smile  or 

excites  laughter ;  as.  The  clown  told  sl  funny  story.    The  monkey's 

antics  were  funny.     It  should  not  be  used  in  the  sense  of  odd  or 

unusual. 
Go,  going  and  gone  should  not  be  followed  by  to;    Where  did  he  gof 

W^here  are  they  going  f     Where  has  it  gonef  —  these  are  correct 

forms. 
Got  implies  attainment  as  the  result  of  effort;  as.  He  got  sl  good  supply 

of  firewood  by  wor Icing  hard  all  day.    Hence,  got  married  and  got 

buried  are  equally  inaccurate,  both  services  being  performed  by 

another. 
Hanged,  not  hung,  should  be  used  when  man  is  referred  to ;  as.  They 

hanged  the  horse  thief  without  giving  him  a  hearing. 
Healthful,  not  healthy,  should  be  used  in  such  a  sentence  as.  The  climate 

is  healthful;  that  is,  beneficial  to  health.     Persons  living  in  that 

climate  are  generally  healthy;  that  is,  in  good  health.     Brown 

bread  is  wholesome;  that  is,  it  promotes  health. 
In  denotes  position,  state.     Into  implies  direction  or  motion.     I  walked 

into  the  room  and  remained  in  it. 
Intelligent  or  clever  is  better  than  smart  to  express  mental  alertness 

or  capability ;  as,  He  is  an  intelligent  fellow,  for  he  ranks  first  in 

his  class. 
Just  about  is  less  colloquial  than  just  going  to  and  is  to  be  preferred 

to  the  latter ;  as,  I  was  ju^t  about  to  call  the  maid. 
Kind  of  may  be  preceded  but  should  not  be  followed  by  the  article  a. 

This  is  a  kind  of  mineral  substance. 
Lay  in  the  present  tense  means  to  place  in  position  and  requires  an 


COMMON    MISTAKES    IN   SPEECH  65 

object  to  complete  its  meaning;  as,  Now  I  lay  the  baby  in  the 
cradle.  The  past  tense  of  lay  is  laid  and  it  is,  of  course,  also  transi- 
tive; as.  He  laid  the  book  on  the  table.  The  verb  lie  does  not 
take  an  object ;  as.  The  cats  lie  in  the  sun.  Lay,  the  past  tense 
of  lie,  does  not  take  an  object;  as.  The  sick  man  lay  moaning 
all  night.  Lain  is  the  past  participle  of  lie  and  it  must  be  used 
with  have  and  had;  as.  The  soldier  had  lain  on  the  field  all 
night. 

Lend  is  better  than  loan  in  the  sentence.  Lend  me  your  book. 

Like  or  enjoy  should  be  used  to  express  one's  attitude  towards  food. 
Love  should  be  used  only  in  connection  with  that  which  can  love 
in  return. 

Look  here  is  better  than  see  here.  At  should  not  be  used  with  the 
expression  look  here. 

Make  an  experiment  is  better  than  try  an  experiment  because  an 
experiment  is  a  trial. 

Many  or  much  rather  than  lot  or  hts  should  be  used  to  express  number 
or  quantity;  as,  He  has  much  money  in  the  bank.  He  owns 
many  houses. 

More  rather  than  worse  should  be  used  to  express  degree  of  intensity 
in  such  a  sentence  as.  He  hates  him  more  every  day. 

Need  implies  lack;  want  implies  the  wish  to  supply  the  lack;  as, 
He  wants  an  automobile  but  he  doesn't  need  one  because  he  has 
the  use  of  his  father's. 

Nice  should  be  used  in  the  sense  of  exact,  precise,  finely  discriminated; 
as,  He  has  a  nice  ear  for  music ;  The  scales  are  nicely  adjusted. 
It  is  greatly  overworked  in  colloquial  conversation,  often  being 
incorrectly  used  for  pleasant,  agreeable,  well  mannered,  appetiz- 
ing. 

Not  instead  of  no  should  be  used  after  whether;  as,  I  cannot  tell 
whether  he  will  come  or  not. 

Off  should  not  be  followed  by  of  in  the  sentence.  Take  your  books  off 
the  tahle. 

Only  should  be  placed  as  near  as  possible  to  the  word  it  is  intended 
to  modify.     He  died  only  last  night     She  laced  only  one  shoe. 


66  COMMON   MISTAKES   IN   SPEECH 

Other,  otherwise  and  else  should  be  followed  by  than,  not  but;  as,  It 
was  no  other  than  he.  I  could  not  do  otherwise  than  go.  I  saw 
no  one  else  than  he. 

Ought  has  one  form  only  and  does  not  admit  of  modification  by  had, 
should  or  any  other  auxiliary.  A  man  ought  to  care  for  his 
children.  He  ought  not  to  do  what  his  conscience  tells  him  is 
wrong. 

Over,  not  over  with,  is  the  correct  expression  in  the  sentence,  When 
lunch  is  over,  I  shall  be  able  to  help  you. 

Past  participles  rather  than  the  past  tense  must  be  used  in  such 
sentences  as.  Has  she  shaken  the  rugs?  The  fishing  rod  was 
broken.     The  river  had  frozen  in  the  night. 

Person  refers  to  one,  party  to  more  than  one,  except  in  legal  documents. 
I  saw  the  person  whom  you  referred  to  in  your  previous  letter. 

Post  card  is  better  than  postal.  The  latter  is,  strictly  speaking,  an 
adjective,  not  a  noun.  Postal  card  is  admissible  but  contains 
an  unnecessary  syllable. 

Practical  means  capable  of  being  turned  to  account.  Practicable  means 
that  which  can  be  done,  feasible.  Although  the  Vicar  of  Wake- 
field was  a  very  excellent  man,  many  of  his  ideas  were  not 
practical.  The  plan  of  making  a  canal  through  Cape  Cod  proved 
to  be  practicable. 

Proved,  not  proven,  is  the  correct  past  participle  of  prove.  His  guilt 
was  not  proved. 

Pleaded,  not  plead,  is  the  correct  past  tense  of  plead.  The  prisoner 
pleaded  for  mercy. 

Profess  or  claim  should  be  used  in  the  following  sentences  :  I  do  not 
profess  to  be  a  saint;  I  do  claim  to  be  a  prophet.  Pretend 
means  to  feign,  to  sham,  and  should  not  be  used  as  a  synonym 
of  profess. 

Pupil  is  one  who  is  under  instruction.  A  scholar,  properly  speaking, 
is  a  learned  person. 

Quite  should  be  used  only  in  the  sense  of  wholly  or  entirely;  as, 
Because  he  was  quite  out  of  funds,  I  drew  him  a  check.  Since 
moving  to  a  warmer  climate,  he  has  quite  recovered  his  strength. 


COMMON   MISTAKES   IN   SPEECH  67 

Raise,  in  the  sense  of  to  rear,  may  be  applied  to  farm  stock ;  as,  Sheep 
were  raised  in  great  numbers.  But  children  are  brought  up;  as, 
The  mother  brought  up  a  family  of  thirteen  children. 

Return  should  not  be  followed  by  back  as  the  prefix  re  means  back. 
He  returned  home  yesterday. 

See,  not  look  and  see,  is  sufficient  in  such  a  sentence  as.  See  if  the  car 
is  coming. 

Shall  in  the  first  person  denotes  futurity ;  as,  /  shall  go  to  town  to- 
morrow. Will  in  the  first  person  expresses  determination ;  as,  I 
will  go  in  spite  of  your  command.  A  question  should  be  worded 
to  correspond  with  the  expected  reply ;  as.  Shall  you  go  to  town 
to-morrow  ?  Will  you  obey  me  ?  Will  in  the  second  and  third 
persons  denotes  futurity ;  as.  You  will  recognize  him  as  soon  as 
you  see  him.  The  child  will  take  cold  if  he  goes  into  the  water. 
Shall  in  the  second  and  third  persons  denotes  determination  on 
the  part  of  another  person.  You  shall  do  as  I  command.  The 
boy  shall  be  made  to  obey. 

Sit  is  usually  intransitive ;  as.  Will  you  sit  here  ?  Sat  is  the  past 
tense  of  sit  and  is  likewise  usually  intransitive ;  as,  They  sat 
down  on  the  river  bank.  Set  is  usually  transitive ;  as.  He  sets 
the  pitcher  on  the  table.  Its  past  tense  is  also  set;  as.  The  doctor 
set  her  fears  at  rest  yesterday. 

Slightly  or  somewhat  rather  than  kind  of  or  some  should  be  used  to 
express  small  amount  or  low  degree ;  as,  The  milk  is  slightly  sour. 
The  man  is  somewhat  bald. 

Smell  used  as  a  verb  should  not  be  followed  by  of;  as,  I  did  not  smell 
the  rose. 

Station  as  a  stopping  place  for  a  train  is  better  than  depot.  The  latter 
primarily  means  a  storehouse. 

Stay  should  be  used  to  express  duration  of  time.  I  shall  stay  at  the 
hotel  a  week.  Stop  means  to  cease  moving.  We  stopped  only 
long  enough  to  ask  for  directions. 

To,  the  sign  of  the  infinitive,  and  not  the  conjunction  and  should 
be  used  to  express  intention.  I  will  try  to  get  it.  I  went 
to  see  her. 


68  COMMON    MISTAKES    IN    SPEECH 

Teach  and  learn  should  not  be  confused;  I  teach  him  and  he  learns 
quickly. 

These  and  those  are  plural  and  must  be  followed  by  plural  nouns ; 
as,  These  kinds,  those  sorts. 

Underhand,  not  underhanded,  is  the  correct  form;  as,  He  gained  his 
office  by  means  of  underhand  methods. 

Up  is  usually  unnecessary  after  the  word  open  when  the  idea  of  be- 
ginning is  to  be  expressed.     He  opened  his  speech  with  a  story. 

Very,  not  pretty,  should  be  used  as  an  intensifier ;  as,  The  boy  was  very 
badly  hurt.  Very,  followed  by  an  adjective,  should  be  used  in- 
stead of  the  phrase  very  much  of,  followed  by  a  noun,  in  such 
sentences  as,  He  is  very  gentlemanly ;  She  is  very  ladylike. 

Way,  not  ways,  should  be  used  to  express  distance  in  such  sentences 
as,  I  went  a  little  way  with  her ;  I  can  see  it  a  long  way  off. 

Well,  the  adverb,  and  not  good,  the  adjective,  should  be  used  to  ex- 
press manner ;  as,  He  did  his  work  well. 

Well  informed,  rather  than  well  posted,  is  correct. 

Whether,  not  if,  should  be  used  in  such  a  sentence  as,  1  do  not  know 
whether  he  has  returned. 


GROWTH   OF   THE   ENGLISH   LANGUAGE  69 


GROWTH  OF  THE  ENGLISH  LANGUAGE  i 

Size  of  Vocabulary.  The  number  of  words  used  by  our  English 
ancestors  previous  to  the  year  1100  has  been  estimated  from  their 
literature  still  in  existence  at  30,000.  The  most  recent  unabridged 
dictionary  includes  about  450,000.  This  enormous  gain  during 
the  past  eight  centuries  has  given  English  the  richest  and  most 
complex  vocabulary  of  the  world's  languages.  The  increase  has 
come  about  in  two  ways :  by  borrowing  words  from  other  lan- 
guages and  by  making  new  words.  Our  present  vocabulary  thus 
consists  of  three  elements ;  native  or  Old  English  words,  borrowed 
words  and  new  or  coined  words. 

Native  Words.  The  first  inhabitants  of  Britain  whose  speech 
has  been  preserved  were  Angles  and  Saxons.  They  were  members 
of  Germanic  tribes  which  came  from  the  continent  of  Europe  in 
the  fifth  and  sixth  centuries  to  ravage  the  weaker  Britons.  Many 
Anglo-Saxon  or  Old  English  words  in  our  language  bear  a  close 
resemblance  to  modern  German.  The  following  words  illustrate 
the  similarity:  Mutter^  mother;  Vater^  father;  Schwester,  sister; 
Gras,  grass ;  Shuh,  shoe ;  Finger,  finger ;  Hut,  hat ;  Haus,  house ; 
singen,  to  sing ;  sprechen,  to  speak ;  gut,  good ;  hart,  hard ;  hier, 
here.  When  our  German  ancestors  came  to  England  they  were 
a  primitive  people,  less  civilized  even  than  the  Britons  whom 
they  conquered ;  consequently  their  speech  was  expressive  of 
primitive  ideas,  the  language  of  everyday  life.  Nevertheless, 
it  forms  the  foundation  and  framework  of  our  written  and 
spoken  EngHsh  of  to-day.  It  consists  for  the  most  part  of 
simple,  strong  words  which  make  for  clearness  and  force.      Our 

^  For  the  following  notes  the  author  has  drawn  freely  upon  "The  English 
Language,"  by  L.  P.  Smith,  in  the  Home  University  Library,  and  "  The  Making 
of  English,"  by  Henry  Bradley,  The  Macmillan  Co.,  both  of  which  are  authorita- 
tive and  very  readable.  Kittredge  and  Greenough's  "  Words  and  Their  Ways  " 
and  "  The  History  of  the  English  Language  "  by  O.  F.  Emerson  are  also  recom- 
mended. 


70  GROWTH    OF   THE    ENGLISH    LANGUAGE 

greatest  writers  have  always  used  the  native  element  of  the 
language  freely ;  Spenser  and  Milton  both  used  over  eighty  per 
cent  of  Old  English  words,  some  of  Shakespeare's  plays  contain 
as  high  as  ninety  per  cent,  and  in  the  authorized  version  of  the 
Scriptures  ninety-four  out  of  every  one  hundred  words  are  native. 

Borrowed  Words.  From  the  beginning  English  has  made  words 
borrowed  from  other  languages  its  own.  All  periods  of  history,  all 
quarters  of  the  globe,  all  great  civilizations  have  contributed  to  our 
speech  of  to-day.  Since  the  completion  of  the  great  Oxford  Diction- 
ary, which  records,  as  far  as  ascertainable,  the  first  appearance  of 
every  word  in  the  English  language,  it  has  been  possible  to  associate 
the  acquisition  of  certain  words  with  certain  periods  of  history  so  as 
to  throw  a  flood  of  light  on  the  relation  of  England  to  other  nations. 

The  first  great  accession  of  words  came  after  the  conquest  of 
England  by  the  Normans  in  1066.  Since  the  church  and  the 
state  were  both  in  the  hands  of  the  conquerors,  many  Norman- 
French  words  pertaining  to  religion  and  government  became  a 
part  of  the  language  at  this  time,  as  chaplain,  procession,  miracle, 
sacrament,  saint,  judge,  jury,  justice,  parliament,  council,  tax, 
mayor.  The  word  war  is  French;  and  some  of  the  words  be- 
longing to  military  life  acquired  before  the  end  of  the  thirteenth 
century  are  assault,  siege,  banner,  arms,  lance,  fortress,  tower. 
The  Normans  represented  a  higher  type  of  civilization  than  the 
conquered  Saxons  and  they  enriched  English  with  many  Norman- 
French  terms  of  refinement  and  elegance,  the  speech  of  the  court 
and  of  fashion. 

The  English  Crusaders  in  the  twelfth  and  thirteenth  centuries 
brought  home  with  them  many  new  words  from  the  East. 
Damask  was  the  name  of  a  rich  cloth  made  in  Damascus ; 
azure,  scarlet  and  saffron  were  beautiful  Oriental  dyes ;  assassin, 
Bedouin,  caravan,  mattress,  hazard  are  other  Crusaders'  words 
adopted  into  English,  probably  from  Arabic.  When  Europe 
was  enveloped  in  intellectual  darkness,  from  Arabia  came  also 


GROWTH    OF   THE    ENGLISH    LANGUAGE  71 

words  pertaining  to  learning,  such  as  almanac,  algebra,  cipher, 
zenith,  zero,  alchemy. 

The  close  connection  between  England  and  the  Low  Countries 
during  the  Middle  Ages  is  attested  by  the  nautical  terms  picked 
up  by  English  sailors  from  the  Dutch ;  reef,  dock,  yacht,  commo- 
dore, cruise,  how,  boom,  sloop,  all  came  into  English  during  the 
fifteenth  and  sixteenth  centuries.  The  explorers  of  Elizabeth's 
time  and  of  the  succeeding  century  brought  back  many  words  from 
the  New  World.  The  North  American  Indian  furnished  moccasin, 
opossum,  persimmon,  tomahawk  and  terrapin;  chocolate,  cocoa  and 
tomato  are  Mexican;  cannibal,  hurricane,  hammock,  savanna  and 
maize  are  Caribbean  words ;  canoe,  tobacco  and  potato  came  from 
Haiti  and  guano,  from  Peru. 

As  intercourse  between  English-speaking  people  and  foreign 
nations  increased,  words  from  all  parts  of  the  world  were  ap- 
propriated. Such  terms  as  fresco,  dado,  studio,  replica,  basso, 
opera,  piano,  show  the  Italians  to  have  been  the  teachers  of  the 
English  in  matters  of  art  and  music.  Landscape,  sketch,  easel 
and  maulstick  are  Dutch  art  terms.  The  Spanish  grandee, 
renegade,  desperado,  negro  and  ambuscade  became  current  Eng- 
lish and  are  used  to-day  with  no  thought  of  their  foreign  origin. 
Other  travelers'  words,  either  borrowed  directly  from  other  lan- 
guages or  picked  up  from  sailors  during  the  sixteenth  and  seven- 
teenth centuries,  are  calico  from  Calicut,  bamboo  and  cockatoo 
from  the  Malay  Peninsula,  indigo  from  Portugal,  typhoon  and 
coffee  from  Arabia,  banana  from  the  Congo.  Thus  it  will  be  seen 
that  the  broadening  of  English  life  and  the  enrichment  of  vocabu- 
lary go  hand  in  hand,  and  for  all  practical  purposes  the  adopted 
words  become  as  much  a  part  of  the  language  as  those  native  to  it. 

New  Words.  The  English  language  consists  not  only  of  its 
original  stock  in  trade.  Old  English,  and  of  words  adopted  from 
other  languages,  but  it  is  constantly  being  increased  by  the 
creation  of  new  words.     There  are  three  ways  by  which  a  new 


72         GROWTH  OF  THE  ENGLISH  LANGUAGE 

word  can  be  made :  (1)  by  root-creation,  that  is,  by  inventing  an 
entirely  new  word ;  (2)  by  composition,  that  is,  by  joining  two  or 
more  separate  known  words  so  as  to  make  a  new  compound ;  and 
(3)  by  derivation,  or  making  a  new  word  out  of  an  old  one  by  the 
addition  of  prefixes  and  suffixes. 

Root-creation.  A  very  large  number  of  English  words  cannot  be 
traced  back  to  an  earlier  source  or  origin  because  their  present 
form  is  their  original  form.  They  are  the  result  of  the  same 
process  as  that  by  which  mankind  probably  first  learned  to  com- 
municate orally,  that  is,  sound  imitation.  A  recent  wTiter  on  the 
subject  has  illustrated  this  method  by  quoting  the  old  story  of  the 
foreigner  in  China  who,  sitting  down  to  a  covered  dish,  inquired 
"  quack  quack?"  and  was  promptly  answered  "bow-wow" 
by  his  Chinese  attendant.  Such  words  as  ciicl^oo,  bobolink, 
bobivhite,  chickadee,  whippgorwillj  bang,  mumble,  purr,  fizz,  buzz, 
flop  are  the  result  of  root-creation.  Slang  terms,  often  imitative, 
frequently  find  a  permanent  place  in  the  language. 

Composition,  The  method  of  forming  a  new  word  by  com- 
bining two  or  more  old  ones,  so  common  in  Old  English,  is  a 
Germanic  inheritance.  Indeed,  it  is  upon  self-explaining  com- 
pounds that  German  of  to-day  depends  almost  entirely  for  the  ex- 
pression of  new  ideas.  But  the  power  of  forming  compounds  in 
Modern  English  is  not  so  strong  as  it  was  in  Old  English.  Word 
combination  seems  to  belong  to  an  earlier  period  of  the  language 
when  the  object  of  speech  was  to  appeal  to  the  imagination  and 
emotions  rather  than  to  the  intellect.  And  words  so  formed  are 
more  likely  to  die  out  than  simple  words;  in  spite  of  their  sim- 
plicity and  directness,  we  have  lost  gold-hoard  (treasury),  book- 
hoard  (library),  gnind-iveall  (foundation),  boc-craeft  (literature), 
treoio-icyrhta  or  treeicorker  (carpenter),  —  they  having  been  dis- 
placed by  Latin  derivatives.  Nevertheless,  such  English  com- 
pounds as  sxceetheart,  rose-garden,  maidservant,  helpmate,  sideicalk, 
bookcase,  hour-glass,  suggest  multitudes  of  others  in  daily  use. 


GROWTH  OF  THE  ENGLISH  LANGUAGE         73 

The  most  vivid  and  forceful  compounds  are  those  which  have 
been  evolved  under  stress  of  strong  emotion ;  as,  spitfire,  skinflint, 
speiidthrift,  tosspot,  blockhead.  The  poets  have  always  depended 
upon  word  combinations  for  compression  of  thought  and  pic- 
turesqueness  of  phrasing;  both  Milton  and  Shakespeare  are 
especially  rich  in  compound  epithets. 

Derivation.  The  commonest  method  of  making  new  words 
is  by  derivation,  that  is,  adding  a  prefix  or  suffix  to  a  word  already 
known.  From  the  Old  English  word  cloud  are  formed  the  words 
clouded,  cloudless,  cloudy,  cloudlet,  unclouded;  from  the  Latin 
word  cor,  cordis,  the  heart,  are  derived  core,  cordial,  concord,  dis- 
cord, courage,  and  many  secondary  forms ;  from  the  Greek  word 
a£r,  air,  are  derived  aerate,  aerial,  aeriform,  aeronaut,  aeroplane, 
aerostat.  Many  of  the  classical  words  have  proved  to  be  ex- 
ceedingly rich  in  derivatives ;  the  Greek  logos,  science,  from  which 
is  derived  such  words  as  geology,  mineralogy,  physiology,  has 
yielded  probably  a  hundred  English  words ;  the  Latin  facere,  to 
do,  to  make,  has  yielded  169  and  stare,  to  stand,  185.  Greek  is 
peculiarly  well  fitted  to  supply  precise  technical  terms  which  be- 
come practically  universal,  that  is,  current  throughout  Europe 
and  America. 

While  Greek  has  furnished  a  great  many  English  derivatives, 
the  words  formed  from  Latin  outnumber  by  far  those  from  all 
other  sources.  So  great  a  proportion  of  these  is  to  be  found  in 
the  language  that,  it  has  been  estimated,  hundreds  of  pages 
could  be  written  in  which  the  non-Latin  words  would  number 
less  than  ten  per  cent.  New  words  from  Latin  are  constantly 
being  added  to  the  language,  as  it  is  usually  found  easier  and  more 
in  accordance  with  the  genius  of  the  language  to  form  a  derivative 
than  to  invent  a  new  English  compound.  Moreover,  Latin  is  the 
language  of  the  learned  the  world  over,  and  words  derived  from 
Latin  are  intelligible  to  scholars  everywhere.  No  one  can  hope 
to  use  English  with  precision  and  accuracy  or  to  gain  the  full 


74         GROWTH  OF  THE  ENGLISH  LANGUAGE 

meaning  of  the  best  authors  without  some  knowledge  of  the  lan- 
guage from  which  so  great  a  part  of  our  mother  tongue  has  been 

formed. 

EXERCISES  FOR  THE  STUDENT 

How  great  an  increase,  approximately,  has  there  been  in  the 
English  vocabulary  during  the  last  eight  hundred  years?  By 
what  processes  has  it  come  about  ? 

What  is  meant  by  native  words?  To  what  modern  language 
are  they  most  closely  allied  ?  Give  the  historical  reason  for  this. 
Speak  of  their  importance  in  modern  speech. 

Show  the  relation  between  history  and  the  growth  of  the  Eng- 
lish language.  Illustrate  fully.  Suppose  there  had  been  no  con- 
temporary records  of  English  discoveries  and  explorations  in  the 
New  World,  how  should  we  know  that  they  took  place  ? 

How  did  mankind  probably  first  learn  to  speak?  What  name 
is  now  given  to  this  process?  Give  ten  words,  not  found  in  the 
text,  which  were  probably  produced  in  this  way. 

Why  have  poets  always  used  compound  expressions?  Select 
ten  compound  epithets  from  Milton's  "  L'Allegro  "  and  "  II  Pen- 
seroso."  Select  ten  from  Shakespeare's  "  Macbeth."  Select  ten 
from  any  other  source. 

What  relation  is  there  between  a  knowledge  of  Greek  and  Latin 
and  a  knowledge  of  English  ?  Illustrate.  Read  carefully  Ruskin's 
"  Sesame  and  Lilies,"  paragraphs  16-29.  What  has  Ruskin  done 
with  the  passage  from  Milton's  "  Lycidas "  ?  Explain  what 
Ruskin  means  by  the  following  passage,  paragraph  17 :  "  You 
might  read  all  the  books  in  the  British  Museum  (if  you  could  live 
long  enough),  and  remain  an  utterly  ^illiterate,'  uneducated 
person ;  but  if  you  read  ten  pages  of  a  good  book,  letter  by  letter, 
—  that  is  to  say,  with  real  accuracy,  —  you  are  forevermore  in 
some  measure  an  educated  person." 

Skeletonize  the  subject  matter  of  the  Growth  of  the  English 
Language. 


PEEFIXES 


75 


English  Prefixes  derived  from  Latin 


a 

away  from 

avocation 

a  (abs) 

from,  away  from 

abnormal 

ad 

to 

adjoin 

amb  (ambi,  am) 

around,  on  all  sides 

ambidextrous 

ante' 

before 

antemeridian 

bi  (bis) 

two,  twice 

biannual 

circum 

around 

circumnavigate 

con  (col,  CO,  cor) 

with,  together 

coeducation 

contra  (counter) 

against 

contraposition 

de 

away,  down,  off 

deform 

di  (dis) 

apart,  not,  opposite  of 

disagree 

e  (ex) 

out,  from 

express 

extra 

beyond 

extraordinary 

in  (il,  im,  en) 

in,  into,  on 

indent 

in  (im,  il,  ir,  un) 

not 

incomplete 

inter 

between,  among 

intercolonial 

intro 

within 

introspection 

non 

not 

noncombatant 

ob  (oc,  of,  op) 

against,  in  the  way 

object,  oppose 

per 

through,  thoroughly 

perforate,  pervert 

post 

after,  behind 

postscript,  postmeridian 

pre 

before 

prehistoric 

preter 

beyond 

preternatural 

pro 

for,  forward 

pronoun,  proceed 

re 

back,  again 

repay,  reconsider 

retro 

backwards 

retrospect 

se  (sed) 

aside,  apart 

secede 

sub 

under 

subnormal 

super 

over,  beyond 

superabundant 

trans 

beyond,  across 

transplant,  transmigrate 

vice 

instead  of 

vice-president 

76 


PREFIXES 


Collect  the  prefixes  in  groups  according  to  the  following  mean-  J 
ings :  from,  to,  around,  before,  two,  with  or  together,  against,  down^ 
or  off,  aside  or  apart,  out  or  out  of,  beyond,  in  or  into,  not,  between 
or  among,  within,  against  or  in  the  way  of,  through  or  thoroughly, 
after  or  behind,  back  or  anew,  backwards,  under;   and  supply  new 
examples  for  each. 

extra 


preter 
super 
trans 
ultra 


beyond 


Spell  and  define  according  to  prefix.^ 

a,  ab,  away  from 
ab  duct'  (ducere,  lead)  ab  o  rig'i  nes 

ab  nor'mal  ab  sorb'  {sorbere,  suck) 

ab  stain'  {tenere,  hold)  ab  jure'  {jurare,  swear) 

a  vert'  (mrtere,  turn)  ab  lu'tion  (luere,  wash) 

ab  solve'  (solvere,  loosen)  a  vo  ca'tion  {vocare,  call) 

ad  (ap,  at),  to 

at  tain'  (tangere,  touch) 
a  dapt'  (aptus,  fit) 
ad  dress'  (directus,  direct) 
ad  vert'  (vertere,  turn) 
ap  proach'  {prope,  near) 

ante,  before 

an'te  date  ante  pe  nult' 

an  te  ce'dent  {cedere,  go)  an  te  me  ri'di  an 

an'te  cham  ber  an  te'ri  or 

an'te  room  an  te  bel'lum  (bellum,  war) 

an'te  di  lu'vi  an  (diluvium,  deluge)      an  te  mor  'tern  (mors,  death) 

^  The  student  should  not  be  required  to  learn  the  Latin  words  given  in  the  ex- 
ercises under  prefixes ;  only  the  English  equivalents  should  be  required. 


ad  join' 

ad  here'  (haerere,  stick) 
ad' vent  (venire,  come) 
at  tract'  (trahere,  draw) 
at  tune' 


PREFIXES 


77 


an  ti  suffrage 
an  ti  cli'max 
an  ti-Jac'o  bin 
an  ti  chris'tian 
an  ti  slaVer  y 


anti  (Greek),  against,  opposed  to 

an  ti  vac  ci  na'tion 

an  ti  mo  nar'chical 

an  ti  so'cial 

an  ti  trade' 

an  ti  scrip' tur  al 


CO  ex  ist 

CO  e  ter'nal 

CO  ex  ten'sive 

CO  in  cide'  (cadere,  fall) 

CO  ed  u  caption 


CO,  with,  together 

CO  e'qual 

CO  op'er  ate 

CO  or'di  nate 

CO  e'val  {aevum,  age) 

CO  heir' 


col,  with,  together 

col  lat'er  al  {latus,  side)  col'lo  cate 

col'league  col  li'ne  ar 

col  lab'o  rate  col  lide'  (laedere,  strike) 

col  lapse'  (laps,  slip)  col  lect'  {legere,  pick) 

col'lo  quy  (loquor,  speak)  col  lu'sion  (ludere,  play) 


com,  with, 

com  min'gle 
com  mit'  (mittere,  send) 
com  peer' 

com  pound'  (vb.)  (ponere,  place) 
com  men'sur  able     (mensura, 
measure) 

con,  with, 

con  join' 

con  nect'  (nectere,  bind) 
con'gre  gate  (gregare,  flock) 
con  serve'  (servare,  keep) 
con  duct'  (ducere,  lead) 


together 

com  pan'ion  (panis,  bread) 
com  pete'  {petere,  seek) 
com'pli  cate  (plicare,  fold) 
com  press' 
com'pro  mise 

together 

con  form' 

con  elude'  (claudere,  shut) 
con  fide'  (fidere,  trust) 
con'flu  ent  (fluere,  flow) 
con  fuse'  (fundere,  mix) 


78 


PREFIXES 


counter,  against,  opposed 

coun  ter  act'  coun'ter  part 

coun  ter  balance  coun  ter  mand'  (mandare,  order) 

coun  ter  at  trac'tion  coun'ter  charge 

coun  ter  ref  or  ma'tion  coun'ter  feit  (facere,  make) 

coun  ter  ir'ri  tant  coun  ter  claim' 

de,  down,  away  from 

de  camp'  de  tour' 

de  cap'i  tate  {caput,  head)  de  gen'er  ate  {genus,  race) 

de  cay'  {cadere,  fall)  de  grade' 

de  cry'  de'col  le  te'  {collum,  neck) 

de  duct'  {ducere,  lead)  de  cliv'i  ty  {clivis,  slope) 

Written  Review  I 


Define  as  above, 
de  cap'i  tate 
an  ti  suffrage 
ad  here' 
an  te  bel'lum 
CO  op'er  ate 


coun  ter  act' 
col  lide' 
com  pan'ion 
con  serve' 
ab  nor'mal 


di,  dif,  away  from,  not,  apart 

dif  fuse'  {fundere,  pour)  di  late'  {latu^,  wide) 

di  gress'  {gressus,  a  stepping) 
di  lap'i  date  {lapis,  stone) 


di  vert'  {vertere,  turn) 
di  vest'  {vestis,  garment) 


dis  qual'i  fied 
dis  cour'te  ous 
dis  con  tent'ed 
dis  ad  van  ta'geous 
dis  arm' 


di  gest'  {gerere,  carry) 

di  lute'  (lucre,  wash) 

di  vulge'  {vulgare,  make  public) 

di  verge'  {vergere,  incline) 


dis,  not 

dis  ap  prov'al 
dis  be  lief 
dis  con  nect'ed 
dis  able' 
dis  con  tin'ued 


e  lect'  {legere,  pick) 
e  ject'  {jacere,  throw) 
e  rase'  {radere,  scrape) 
e'dict  {dicere,  say) 
ed'u  cate  {ducere,  lead) 


PREFIXES 
e,  out,  from 


e  mit'  {mittere,  send) 
e  rad'i  cate  {radix,  root) 
e  nor'mous  (norma,  rule) 
e  vap'o  rate 
e  volve'  {volvere,  roll) 


79 


ex,  out 


ex  hale'  (halere,  breathe) 

ex  elude'  (claudere,  shut) 

ex  pa'tri  ate  (patria,  fatherland) 

ex  port'  (portare,  carry) 

ex  hib'it  (habere,  hold) 


ex  tend'  (tendere,  stretch) 
ex  tol'  (tollere,  raise) 
ex  tract'  (trahere,  draw) 
ex  pel'  (pellere,  drive) 
e  rupt'  (rumpere,  break) 


in,  not 


in'fa  mous 

in  nu'mer  able  {numerus,  number) 

in  sur  mount'able 

in  or  gan'ic 

in  jus'tice 


in  vin'ci  ble  (vincere,  conquer) 

in  sane' 

in  tol'er  ant 

in  es'ti  ma  ble 

in  vis'ible  (videre,  see) 


im  (before  m  and  p),  not 

im  pure'  im  meas'ur  able 

im  pru'dent  im  per  cep'ti  ble 

im  per'fect  im  prac'ti  cal 

im  mor'tal  im  pas'sa  ble 

im  mod'er  ate  im  mov'able 


il  log'i  cal 

il  lim'it  able 

il  leg'ible  (legere,  read) 

il  le  git'i  mate 


il  (before  /),  not 

il  le'gal 

il  lib'er  al 

il  lic'it  (licitus,  lawful) 

il  lit'er  ate  (littera,  letter) 


80 


PREFIXES 


ir  (before  r),  not 

ir  reg'u  lar  ir  re  proaeh'able 

ir  ra'tion  al  ir  re  cov'er  able 

ir  res'o  lute  ir  re  sist'ible 

ir  rev'o  ca  ble  {wcare,  call)  ir  re  spon'si  ble 

ir  re  press'ible  ir  rev'er  ent 


un  true' 
un  at  tract'ive 
un  man'ly 
un  gen'er  ous 
un  fair' 


uUf  not 

un  scru'pu  lous 
un  schoFar  ly 
un  la'dy  like 
un  char'i  table 
un  gra'cious 


Written  Review  II 


di  gest' 

e  mit' 

ex  pel' 

dis  ad  van'tage 

il  leg'ible 


e  vap'or  ate 
in  vis'ible 
im  mor'tal 
un  scru'pu  lous 
ir  rev'o  ca  ble 


in,  in 


in  elude'  (claudere,  shut) 
in  dent'  {dens,  tooth) 
in  ci'sion  {caedere,  cut) 
in  fold' 
in  spect'  {specere,  look) 


in  wrought' 
in  ject'  {jacere,  throw) 
in  hale'  (halere,  breathe) 
in  vade'  (vadere,  go) 
in  flate'  (flare,  flow) 


im  (before  b,  m  and  p),  in 


im  merse'  (mergere,  dip) 

im  plant' 

im  port'  (portare,  carry) 

im  print' 

im  bibe'  {bibere,  drink) 


im  press 

im'pli  cate  (plicare,  fold) 

im  part' 

im'mi  grate  {migrare,  remove) 

im  per'il 


PREFIXES  81 

inter,  between 

in  ter  na'tion  al  in'ter  lude  (ludere,  play) 

in  ter  state'  in  ter  mar'riage 

in  ter  col  le'gi  ate  in  ter  weave' 

in  ter  cede'  (cedere,  go)  in  ter  ject'  {jacere,  throw) 

in  ter  lin'e  ar  in  ter  twine' 

mis,  wrongly,  badly 

mis  spell'  mis  di  rect' 

mis  cal'cu  late  mis  gov'ern 

mis  step'  mis  judge' 

mis  ap  ply'  mis  place' 

mis  be  have'  mis  pro  nounce' 

non,  not 

non  con  due' tor  non  com  mit'tal 

non  con  form'ist  non'sense 

non  res'i  dent  non  un'ion 

non  pa  reil'  (par,  equal)  non'de  script 

non  ap  pear'ance  non  com'bat  ant 

per,  through 

per  fume'  (fumare,  smoke)  per'se  cute  (sequi,  follow) 

per'for  ate  (forare,  bore)  per  spire'  (spirare,  breathe) 

per'co  late  {colare,  filter)  per  vade'  {vadere,  go) 

per  cus'sion  (quatio,  strike)  per  sist'  {sistere,  stand) 

per'e  gri  nate  (ager,  field)  per  fo'li  ate  (folium,  leaf) 

post,  after,  behind 

post  grad'u  ate  post  mil  len'ni  al 

post'script  (scribere,  write)  post  gla'ci  al 

post  me  rid'i  an  post  pone'  (ponere,  place) 

post  mor'tem  (mors,  death)  post  ex  il'ic 

post  pran'di  al  (prandium,  lunch)  post'hu  mous  {humus,  ground) 

G 


82 


PREFIXES 


pre,  before 

pre  ar  range' 

pre  des'tine 

pre  di  gest'ed 

pre  em'i  nent 

pre  cede'  {cedere,  go) 

pre'lude  {ludere,  play) 

preface  (fari,  speak) 

pre  pare'  {parare,  make  ready) 

pre  judge' 

pre  sup  pose' 

pro,  forward 

pro  pel'  (pellerey  drive) 

pro  duce'  (ducere,  lead) 

pro  ject'  (jacere,  hurl) 

pro  mote'  {movere,  move) 

pro  jec'tile 

pro  tu'ber  ant  (tuber,  swelling) 

pro  trude'  (trudere,  thrust) 

pro  tract'  (trahere,  draw) 

pro  vide'  {viderCj  see) 

pro  voke'  (vocare,  call) 

re,  again 

re  or'gan  ize 

re  view' 

re  vis'it 

re  print' 

re  vive'  (vivere,  live) 

re  ere  ate' 

re  count' 

re  ex  am'ine 

re  pro  duce' 

re  con  struct' 

sub,  under 

sub  ter  ra'ne  an  (terra,  earth)  sub  scribe'  (scribere,  write) 

sub  head'ing  sub  tract'  (trahere,  draw) 

sub  let'  sub  ti'tle 

sub  ma  rine'  (mare,  sea)  sub  stra'tum 

sub'soil      *  sub  merge'  (mergere,  dip) 


trans,  across,  beyond 

trans  at  Ian' tic  trans  ma  rine'  (mare,  sea) 

trans  con  ti  nen'tal  trans  port'  (portare,  carry) 

tran  scribe'  (scribere,  write)  trans  fer'  (ferre,  bear) 

trans  mit'  (mittere,  send)  trans  fuse'  (fundere,  pour) 

trans  plant'  trans  pose'  (ponere,  place) 


PREFIXES 


83 


vice  pres'i  dent 
vice  chan'cel  lor 
vice  treas'ur  er 
vice  ad 'mi  ral 
vice  re'gent 


mce,  instead  of 

vice  roy  (O.  F.  roy,  king) 

vice  chair 'man 

vice  con'sul 

vice  cham'ber  lain 

vice  gov'ern  or 


Written  Review  III 


in  flate' 

non  com'bat  ant 

im  bibe' 

post  mor'tem 

re  con  struct' 

sub  ter  ra'ne  an 

in  ter  col  le'gi  ate 

mis  pro  nounce' 

pro  mote' 

pre'lude 

Contrast  in  meaning : 

in  elude' 

as  cend'  (as  =  ad) 

ex'clude 

de  scend' 

im'port 

at  tract'  (at  =  ad) 

ex'port 

de  tract' 

ante  me  ri'di  an 

in'let 

post  me  ri'di  an 

out'let 

in  hale' 

inflate' 

ex  hale' 

de  flate' 

in  ter'nal 

in'gress  (gradior,  go) 

ex  ter'nal 

e'gress 

an  ti  sla'ver  y 

sub  struc'ture 

pro  sla'ver  y 

su  per  struc'ture 

84 

SUFFIXES 

English  Suffixes  derived  from  Latin 

able  (ible) 

capable  of  being,  fit 

lovable,  avertible 

acy,  ance 

state  of  being 

accuracy,  continuance 

age 

condition,     collection 

marriage,  foliage 

of 

{folia,  leaves) 

al  (eal,  ial) 

relating      to,       that 
which 

colonial,  comical 

an  (ane,  ean 

,     one  who,  relating  to 

Roman,  humane 

ian) 

ant 

one  who,  being 

assistant,  pliant 

ar  (er) 

relating  to,  like 

circular 

ary 

relating  to,  one  who. 

missionary,  infirmary 

ate 


place  where 
one    who,    to    make,     licentiate,  staminate 
having  the  quality 
of 


cle  (icle,  cule. 

diminutive 

particle 

ule) 

ee  (eer) 

one  who 

referee,  profiteer 

ence  (ency) 

state  of  being,  quality 

of 
one  who  or  which,  be- 

presence, fervency 

ent 

student,  equivalent 

ing 

ess 

female 

princess 

ferous 

bearing 

coniferous 

fy  (ify) 

to  make 

solidify 

ile 

relating  to,  that  which 

mercantile,  fragile 

ion 

act  of,  condition 

repulsion,  corruption 

ise  (ize) 

to  make 

fertilize 

ist  (ite) 

one  who 

scientist 

ity(ty) 

state  or  quality 

timidity 

ive 

one  who,  that  which 

captive 

SUFFIXES 


85 


merit 

or 
ory 

ose  (ous) 

tude 
ure 


act  or  state  of,  that  excitement,  command- 

which  ment 

one  who  assessor 

relating      to,      place  preparatory,  armory 

where 

abounding  in  verbose,  superstitious 

condition,  quality  aptitude 

act  or  state  of,  that  departure,  creature 
which 


EXERCISE 

Collect  the  suffixes  in  groups  according  to  the  following  mean- 
ings ;  capable  of  being  or  fit,  state  of  being,  condition,  relating  to,  or 
that  tvhich,  one  who,  female,  to  make,  having  the  quality  of,  like,  act 
of,  abounding  in,  and  supply  new  examples  for  each  as, 


ant 

applicant 

ary 

actuary 

ee 

payee 

eer 

one  who 

auctioneer 

ent 

president 

ist 

artist 

or 

actor 

Spell  and  define  according  to  suffix.^ 

able,  capable  of  being,  fit 

re  livable  mar'ket  able 

ta'ma  ble  ad  vis'a  ble 

hon'or  a  ble  im  pen'e  tra  ble 

serv'ice  a  ble  man'age  a  ble 

as  sail'a  ble  prac'ti  ca  ble 

iThe  student  should  not  be  required  to  learn  the  Latin  words  given  in  the  ex- 
ercises on  suffixes ;  only  the  English  equivalents  should  be  required. 


86  SUFFIXES 

al,  relating  to 

ge  o  met'ri  cal  ar  chi  tec'tur  al 

CO  lo'ni  al  fil'ial  (filiuSf  son) 

gla'ci  al  fascial 

pa  ter'nal  (pater,  father)  fa  nat'i  cal 

his  tor'i  cal  mag'ic  al 

ance,  ence,  state  of  being 

com  pli'ance  re  li'ance 

in'no  cence  ra'di  ance 

dil'i  gence  om  nip'o  tence 

pru'dence  pen'i  tence 

op'u  lence  (opes,  riches)  phos  phor  es'cence 

ant,  ent,  one  who 

ten'ant  (tenere,  hold)  sup  er  in  tend'ent 

de  pend'ent  at  tend'ant 

cor  re  spond'ent  sup'pli  ant 

serv'ant  com  mu'ni  cant 

com  man  dant'  de  bu  tant' 

cle,  cule,  kin,  ling,  diminutive 

par'ti  cle  .  i'ci  cle 

an  i  mal'cule  lamb'kin 

glob'ule  gos'ling 

can'ti  cle  (cantus,  song)  darkling  (deore,  dear) 

gran'ule  duck'ling 

eer,  ier,  one  who 

moun  tain  eer'  pri  va  teer' 

en  gi  neer'  son  net  eer' 

char  i  ot  eer'  mu  le  teer' 

auc  tion  eer'  brig  a  dier' 

vol  un  teer'  (voluntas,  fiee  will)  gon  do  lier' 


SUFFIXES 

en,  to  make 

tough'en 

less'en 

cheap'en 

short'en 

fresh'en 

fast'en 

hard'en 

length'en 

fat'ten 

dead'en 

er,  or,  ar. 

one  who 

rob'ber 

law'yer 

gar'den  er 

sairor 

gov'ern  or 

lec'tur  er 

act'or 

dearer 

li'ar 

for'eign  er 

ess,  stress, 

,  female 

count'ess 

mur'der  ess 

heirless 

gi'ant  ess 

god'dess 

sor'cer  ess 

gov'ern  ess 

seam'stress 

Quak'er  ess 

laun'dress 

87 


ible,  capable  of  being,  fit 

di  gest'i  ble  con  vert'i  ble 

vis'i  ble  (videre,  see)  in  fal'li  ble 

ed'i  ble  {edere,  eat)  au'di  ble  {audire,  hear) 

com  press'i  ble  leg'i  ble  {legere,  read) 

cred'i  ble  (credere,  believe)  flex'i  ble  (flectere,  bend) 


Written  Review  IV 


Define  as  above, 
his  tor'i  cal 
fresh'en 
man'age  a  ble 
moun  tain  eer' 
gov'ern  ess 


.jpf 


gran'ule 
au'di  ble 
com  man  dant' 
dil'i  gence 
lec'tur  er 


88 


SUFFIXES 


ify, 

to  make 

mag'ni  fy  (magnus,  great) 

pet'ri  fy  {petra,  rock) 

sim'pli  fy 

so  lid'i  fy 

rec'ti  fy  {rectus,  right) 

de'i  fy  {deu^,  god) 
liq'ue  fy 
pur'i  fy 
clar'i  fy 
strat'i  fy 

ist, 

one  who 

pac'i  fist 

dram'a  tist 

sat'ir  ist 

bot'a  nist 

ac  com'pan  ist 
bal  loon'ist 

ge  ol'o  gist 
vi  o  lin'ist 

el  0  cu'tion  ist 

Bap'tist 

ize. 

to  make 

sum'mar  ize 

stand'ard  ize 

i  de'al  ize 

lib'er  al  ize 

civ'il  ize 

spe'cial  ize 

im  mor'tal  ize 

A  mer'i  can  ize 

min'i  mize  (minimus,  least) 

ster'il  ize 

ly. 

manner 

in  differ  ent  ly 
in  tel'li  gent  ly 
sat  is  fac'to  ri  ly 
haugh'ti  ly 
ha'sti  ly 

ghost'ly 
im  pa'tient  ly 
bright'ly 
gen'er  ous  ly 
cour'te  ous  ly 

ex  cite'ment 


ment,  state  of,  state  of  being 

en  ter  tain'ment 
a  muse'ment  ad  just'ment 

dis  cour'age  ment  •    mer'ri  ment 

im  prove'ment  a  chieve'ment 

chas'tise  ment  gov'ern  ment 


SUFFIXES 


89 


dark'ness 
clean'li  ness 
nerVous  ness 
busi^ness 
con'scious  ness 


ness,  state  or  condition 

nat'ur  al  ness 
hap'pi  ness 
mas'sive  ness 
lov'a  ble  ness 
av  a  ri'cious  ness 


ory,  place  where 

dor'mi  to  ry  (dormire,  sleep) 

rec'to  ry 

ob  serVa  to  ry 

fac'to  ry  (facere,  make) 

pri'o  ry 


ar  mo  ry 

lab 'or  a  to  ry 

cre'ma  to  ry  (cremare,  burn) 

de  pos'i  to  ry 

mon'as  ter  y  (monos,  alone) 


mel  o'di  ous 
du'bi  ous 
right'eous 
cour'te  ous 
enVi  ous 


ver  bose'  (verbum,  word) 
o'ti  ose  (otium,  leisure) 
gran'di  ose 

bel'li  cose  (bellum,  war) 
glu'cose  {glykys,  sweet) 


ous,  abounding  in 

pi'ous 

blas'phe  mous 

beau'te  ous 

tim'or  ous  {timor,  fear) 

moun'tain  ous 

ose,  abounding  in 

cel'lu  lose 

jo  cose'  (jocus,  joke) 

sac'char  ose 

pec'tose  (pectin,  congealed) 

ad'i  pose  (adeps,  fat) 


tude,  condition,  state  of  being 


mag'ni  tude  (magnus,  great) 
al'ti  tude  {alius,  high) 
rec'ti  tude  (rectus,  right) 
for'ti  tude  (fortis,  strong) 
prompt'!  tude 


mul'ti  tude  (multus,  many) 

apt'i  tude 

sol'i  tude  (solus,  alone) 

cer'ti  tude 

grat'i  tude 


90 


SUFFIXES 


Written  Review  V 


Define  as  above, 
for'ti  tude 
pac'i  fist 
ar'mo  ry 
rec'ti  tude 
busi'ness 

Define  according  to 
im'pi  ous 
non  re  turn'able 
un  pro  duc'tive  ness 
in  of  fen'sive 
dis  a  bil'i  ty 
il  leg  i  bil'i  ty 
in  ter  na'tion  al 
non  con  form'ist 
mis  gov'ern  ment 
sub  mers'i  ble 
trans  con  ti  nen'tal 
in  jus'tice 
in  de  fen'si  ble 
in  vis  i  bil'i  ty 
un  al'ter  a  ble 
un  sus  pi'cious 
su  per  nat'u  ral  ism 
re  ac'tion  ary 
un  ap  pe  ti'zing 


en  ter  tain'ment 
haugh'ti  ly 
ster'il  ize 
clar'i  fy 
bel'li  cose 

both  suffix  and  prefix. 

il  log'i  cal 

an  ti  suf  fra  gist 

com  press'i  ble 

ir  re  me'di  a  ble 

dis  ad  van  ta'geous 

pre  des  ti  na'tion 

prov  i  den'tial 

trans  fer'able 

in  com'par  a  ble 

pre  ar  range'ment 

il  le'gal  ly 

dis  loy'al  ty 

mis  in  ter  pre  taction 

im  mod'er  ate  ly 

ab  nor  mal'i  ty 

re  in  car  na'tion 

in  de  ci'sive 

de  farmer 

in  hu  man'i  ty 


LATIN   ROOTS   AND   ENGLISH    DERIVATIVES  91 


Latin  Roots  and  English  Derivatives 

The  parts  of  speech  in  Latin  from  which  EngHsh  words  are 
derived  are  adjectives,  nouns  and  verbs.  The  mascuHne  singular 
form  only  of  the  adjective  is  given  in  the  following  pages.  In  the 
nouns  both  the  nominative  and  the  genitive  (possessive)  singular 
forms  are  given,  as  nominative  cor,  the  heart,  and  genitive  cordis, 
of  the  heart,  except  when  both  forms  are  alike,  as  nominative 
avis,  a  bird,  and  genitive  avis,  of  a  bird,  in  which  case  the  nomina- 
tive only  is  given.  The  four  principal  parts  of  the  verb  are  given ; 
namely,  the  first  person  singular  of  the  present  tense,  the  present 
infinitive,  the  first  person  singular  of  the  perfect  tense,  and  the 
supine,  or  the  perfect  participle  of  deponent  verbs,  as  amo,  I  love, 
amare,  to  love,  amavi,  I  have  loved,  amatum,  to  love.  An 
English  derivative  is  not  formed  from  the  whole  of  a  Latin  word 
but  from  a  part  known  as  the  base  or  stem  to  which  a  prefix  or 
suffix  or  both  are  added;  as  an  example,  the  Latin  verb  pello, 
pellere,  pepuli,  pulsum,  furnishes  the  stem  pel  from  which  the 
English  word,  compel,  is  formed  by  prefixing  com,  and  the  stem 
puis  from  which  the  English  word,  compulsion,  is  formed  by  pre- 
fixing com  and  adding  the  sufiix  ion. 

In  order  to  define  a  word  etymologically,  one  must  know  the 
meaning  of  the  word  from  which  it  is  derived  and  the  meaning 
of  its  suffix  and  prefix.  A  word  should  be  defined  in  terms  of  its 
root,  whenever  possible ;  thus,  since  the  word  armistice  is  derived 
from  Latin  arma,  arms,  and  sistere,  to  stand,  the  definition,  a 
standing  still  of  or  cessation  from  arms,  is  better  than  simply  truce. 
In  some  cases  the  root  meaning  has  apparently  faded  out  of  the 
current  meaning  but  usually  it  may  be  discerned  if  it  is  known 
and  it  will  be  found  to  add  much  to  the  significance  of  the  word. 
On  the  following  pages,  where  the  derivatives  are  defined,  the  root 
or  original  meaning  is  given  first  and  the  current  meaning,  when  the 


92  LATIN   ROOTS   AND    ENGLISH    DERIVATIVES 

original  meaning  has  undergone  modification,  given  last.  No 
attempt  has  been  made  to  show  the  road  along  which  the  English 
word  has  traveled  linguistically  before  reaching  its  present  form, 
as  it  is  deemed  wise  to  reserve  that  for  more  advanced  study. 
In  order  to  fix  the  meaning  of  the  Latin  words  firmly  in  mind, 
the  root  meaning  should  always  be  given  in  defining  a  secondary 
English  form  as  well  as  in  defining  a  primary  form ;  as,  circum- 
navigation should  not  be  defined  as  the  act  of  circumnavigating 
but  rather  as  derived  from  the  prefix  circum,  around,  navis,  a 
ship,  ago,  agere,  drive  and  the  suffix  ion,  the  act  of :  the  act  of 
driving  or  sailing  a  ship  around  the  globe. 

In  consulting  the  dictionary  for  the  spelling,  pronunciation 
and  meanings  of  words  it  is  an  excellent  practice  to  look  at  the 
etymolog}^  as  well.  This  habit,  once  formed,  makes  the  dic- 
tionary a  most  interesting  book.^  To  know  that  umbrella  (diminu- 
tive of  Latin,  umbra,  shade)  literally  means  a  little  shade,  that 
inculcate  (Latin  in,  in  and  calcare,  to  tread)  means  to  tread  in, 
that  suspect  (Latin  sub,  under  and  specere,  to  look)  means  to  look 
under,  that  a  balance,  i.e.  scales  (Latin  bis,  two  and  lanx,  dish) 
means  two  dishes,  —  to  select  only  a  few  examples  at  random,  — 
invests  common,  well-known  words  with  a  new  interest. 

The  two  chief  advantages  to  be  gained  by  the  study  of  the 
derivation  of  words  are  first,  that  it  enables  one  to  use  words  with 
greater  precision  and  second,  that  it  enables  one  to  learn  the  mean- 
ings of  whole  groups  of  related  words  at  one  time.  Under  the 
sixty  Latin  words  on  the  following  pages  are  defined  about  eight 
hundred  and  fifty  of  their  most  useful  English  derivatives.  These 
include,  for  the  most  part,  only  primary  derivatives;  several 
hundred  more  of  secondary  derivation  will  suggest  themselves  to 
the  student. 


LATIN   ROOTS    AND    ENGLISH    DERIVATIVES  93 

1.    a'go,  a'gere,  e'gi,  ac'tum,  do,  drive 

agitate,  to  drive,  to  disturb,  to  excite. 

agile,  active,  quick  moving. 

cogitate  {co,  together),  to  turn  o\^er  together  in  the  mind,  to  meditate 

or  consider. 
cogent  {co,  with),  driving,  compelling,  powerful,  convincing, 
exigent  {ex,  out),  driving  out,  pressing, 
navigate  {navis,  a  ship),  to  drive  a  ship, 
circumnavigate  {circum,  around),  to  sail  around  the  globe, 
counteract  {counter,  against),  to  act  against,  to  hinder  by  contrary 

action, 
actuate,  to  cause  to  do  or  act. 
exact  {ex,  out),  to  drive  out,  to  compel,  to  enforce, 
transact  {trans,  through),  to  drive  or  carry  through,  to  perform, 
enact,  to  do,  to  bring  about,  to  ordain  or  decree. 


agitation 

navigator 

cogitation 

agility 

active 

counteraction 

cogency 

actor 

2.    bis,  twice 

transaction 

bicentennial  {centum,  hundred ;  annus,  year),  occurring  every  two 
hundred  years. 

biceps  {caput,  head),  muscle  in  the  arm  with  double  head  or  attach- 
ment. 

bicuspid  {cuspis,  cuspidis,  point),  tooth  with  two  points. 

bilingual  {lingua,  tongue),  speaking  in  or  writing  in  two  languages. 

biped  {pes,  pedis,  foot). 

biscuit  {coctus,  cooked),  pastry  formerly  made  by  baking  twice. 

bisect  {sectus,  cut). 

binocular  {oculus,  eye),  field  glasses. 

binomial  {nomen,  name),  having  two  names,  consisting  of  two  terms. 

bivalve  {vahae,  folding  doors),  having  a  hinged  double  shell  as  an 
oyster. 


94  LATIN   ROOTS   AND   ENGLISH    DERIVATIVES 

combine  (covi,  together;  hmi,  two  each),  Uterally  two  together  or 
two  by  two. 

bisection  bigamous  bicentennial 

bimonthly  biplane  biennial 

biweekly  bimetallism  combination 

3.  ca'do,  ca'de  re,  ce'ce  di,  ca'sum,  fall,  happen 

cadence,  the  falling  of  the  voice. 

accident,  a  happening  without  apparent  cause. 

incident  (in,  in  or  upon),  a  falling  upon,  an  unimportant  occurrence. 

coincident  (co,  together),  falling  or  happening  together  or  at  the  same 

time, 
decay  (de,  away  from),  to  fall  away  from ;  to  lose  quality,  to  decompose, 
decadent,  falling  away,  declining,  deterioration. 
case,  instance  of  a  thing  happening. 
casual,  falling  or  happening  by  chance. 
cascade,  a  waterfall. 
casualty,  a  happening  or  accident  involving  serious  injury  or  loss  of 

life. 
deciduous,  a  variety  of  tree  from  which  the  leaves  fall  annually, 
occasion,  a  happening  or  occurrence. 
Occident,  the  place  of  the  falling  sun,  the  west, 
chance,  what  befalls,  an  undesigned  occurrence. 
mischance,  an  evil  happening. 

accidental  coincidence  casually 

incidental  decadence  occasional 

4.  cae'do,  cae'de  re,  ce  ci'di,  cae'sum,  cut,  kill 

concise,  cut  short,  brief. 
decide  {de,  off),  to  cut  off,  to  determine, 
incision  (in,  into),  a  cutting  into, 
incisor,  a  tooth  used  for  cutting. 

precise  {pre  for  prae,  in  front  of),  cut  off  in  front,  sharply  or  clearly 
defined. 


LATIN   ROOTS   AND    ENGLISH    DERIVATIVES 


95 


fratricide  (f rater,  brother),  killing  of  one's  brother. 

homicide  {homo,  man). 

infanticide  (infans,  infant). 

matricide  (mater,  mother). 

parricide  (pater,  father). 

regicide  (rex,  regis,  king). 

stiicide  (sui,  oneself). 


conciseness 
decision 


decisive 
incisive 


homicidal 
precision 


5.    ca'no,  ca'ne  re,  ce'ci  ni,  can'tum,  sing 

chant,  to  sing. 

cantata,  a  poem  to  be  sung. 

cant,  originally  probably  the  singing  of  religious  mendicants ;  in- 
sincere use  of  words  implying  piety. 

recant  (re,  back),  to  sing  backward,  to  reverse  the  charm,  to  renounce, 
to  revoke. 

canto,  a  division  of  a  song  or  poem. 

canticle,  a  little  song  or  hymn. 

canorous,  melodious,  resonant. 

chanty,  a  song  a  sailor  sings  while  heaving. 

incentive  (in,  intensive),  that  which  sets  up  a  tune,  that  which  arouses 
or  incites. 

precentor  (pre,  before),  a  leader  of  a  choir. 

accent,  a  modulation  of  the  voice. 

enchant,  to  charm  by  singing  or  sorcery ;  to  delight 

chanticleer,  a  crowing  cock. 

recantation  chanter  enchantment 


6.    ca'pi  o,  ca'pe  re,  ce'pi,  cap'tum,  take,  seize 

capable,  able  to  take,  hence  having  ability, 
captive,  one  taken  or  seized  as  a  prisoner, 
capacity,  amount  taken,  holding-power. 
accept,  to  take  when  offered,  to  consent  to  receive. 


96  LATIN   ROOTS   AND   ENGLISH   DERIVATIVES 

conceive  {con,  with,  wholly),  to  take  with  the  mind  wholly,  to  imagine, 

to  formulate, 
deceive  {de,  away  from),  to  take  away  from,  to  withhold  the  truth. 
except  {ex,  out),  to  take  out,  to  exclude, 
perceive  {"per,  through  or  thoroughly),  to  seize  thoroughly  with  the 

mind,  to  understand, 
prince  {primus,  first),  one  who  takes  first  place, 
principal  {primus,  first),  taking  first  place,  first  in  importance. 
principle  {primus,  first),  that  which  is  fundamental,  that  from  which 

something  proceeds, 
anticipate  {ante,  before),  to  take  before  the  time,  to  forestall. 
emancipate  {e,  out  of,  from ;  manu^,  the  hand),  to  take  from  the  hands 

of,  to  free,  to  release, 
municipal  {munidpium,  a  free  town),  pertaining  to  the  taking  of  civil 

offices,  hence  independent  self-government, 
participate  {pars,  partis,  a  part),  to  partake,  to  have  a  share  in. 
participle  {pars,  partis,  a  part),  a  word  partaking  of  the  nature  of 

two  parts  of  speech, 
susceptible  {sus  for  sub,  under),  ready  to   undertake,  open  to  im- 
pression. 


incapable 

deception 

anticipation 

captivate 

exception 

emancipation 

captor 

perception 

municipality 

acceptance 

receptacle 

participation 

conception 

reception 

susceptibility 

7.    ca'put,  ca'pi  tis,  the  head 

capital,  standing  at  the  head ;  chief  city ;  accumulated  possessions. 

capitol,  official  building  in  capital  city,  statehouse. 

captain,  head  officer. 

cattle,  chief  possessions  in  early  times,  similar  in  meaning  to  capital. 

chattle,  another  form  of  the  word  cattle,  and  in  the  plural  having 

originally  much  the  same  significance,  a  movable  possession, 
capitulate,  to  draw  up  terms  of  surrender  under  heads, 
decapitate  {de,  off),  to  behead. 


LATIN   ROOTS    AND    ENGLISH    DERIVATIVES  97 

precipitate  (pre,  before),  to  throw  down  headlong, 
precipice,  a  headlong  descent, 
biceps,  see  bis. 

recapitulate  decapitation  precipitous 

8.    ce'do,  ce'de  re,  ces'si,  ces'sum,  go,  yield 

cede,  to  yield,  to  grant. 

accede  {ac  for  ad,  to),  to  give  in  to,  to  agree  to. 

concede  (con  for  ciim,  wholly),  to  yield  entirely,  to  allow,  to  grant. 

exceed  (ex,  out),  to  go  beyond,  to  excel. 

precede  (prae,  before),  to  go  before. 

proceed  (prae,  forward,  in  front  of),  to  go  forward 

procession,  a  body  of  persons  going  forward  in  an  orderly  manner. 

recede  (re,  back),  to  go  back. 

secede  (se,  apart),  to  go  apart,  to  withdraw. 

succeed  (sue  for  sub,  under),  to  go  under,  to  follow  after;  to  prosper. 

intercede  (inter,  between),  to  go  between,  to  plead  for  one. 

ancestor  (an  for  ante,  before),  one  who  goes  before,  a  forefather. 

decease  (de,  from),  to  go  or  depart  from  life. 

cession,  that  which  is  yielded  or  given  up,  especially  land  or  rights. 

antecedent  concession  secession 

accession  excess  successor 

accessible  precedent  intercession 

accessory  recessional  ancestry 

9.    clau'do,  clau'de  re,  clau'si,  clau'sum,  shut,  close 

conclude  (con,  together),  to  close  together,  to  bring  to  an  end. 

exclude  (ex,  out),  to  shut  out. 

include  (in,  in),  to  shut  in,  to  contain. 

preclude  (pre,  in  front  of),  to  close  in  front,  to  shut  out  entirely. 

seclude  (se,  apart),  to  shut  apart. 

recluse,  one  living  in  seclusion  or  retirement. 

close,  to  shut ;  as  a  noun,  an  enclosure. 

closet,  a  place  closed  in,  a  small  room. 

H 


98 


LATIN    ROOTS   AND,  ENGLISH    DERIVATIVES 


cloister,  a  place  of  religious  seclusion, 
clause,  a  part  of  a  sentence  set  off  by  itself. 

conclusion  inclusion 

exclusive  seclusion 


enclosure 
cloistered 


10.    cu/ro,  cur're  re,  cu  cur'ri,  cur'sum,  run 

current,  passing  from  one  to  another ;  now  in  progress. 

currency,  that  which  passes  from  one  to  another,  money. 

recur  (re,  again),  to  go  back  in  thought  or  speech,  to  happen  again. 

cursory,  passing  quickly,  hurried. 

excursion  (ex,  out),  a  going  out,  as  a  journey. 

incur  {in,  upon),  to  bring  on,  to  become  liable  for. 

incursion,  a  running  in  upon,  an  invasion. 

concur  (con,  with  or  together),  to  riin  with,  to  agree. 

occur  {oc,  for  ob,  to),  to  run  to  meet,  to  happen. 

precursor  {pre,  before),  a  forerunner. 

intercourse  {inter,  between),  a  running  between,  communication. 

concourse,  a  running  together,  an  assembly. 

succor  {sub,  under  or  up  to),  to  run  to  give  aid  to,  to  help. 

corridor,  a  passage  running  from  one  part  of  a  building  to  another. 

courier,  a  running  messenger ;  a  traveling  attendant. 

courser,  a  fleet,  spirited  horse. 

recurrent  excursionist  occurrence 

cursorily  concurrence  discursive 


Review  I 

corridor 

currency 

accent 

ancestor 

cloister 

decapitate 

exclusive 

exception 

secession 

casually 

enchant 

emancipation 

suicidal 

biped 

agitation 

11.    di'co,  di'ce  re,  di'xi,  dic'tum,  say,  speak 

dictate,  to  say  or  read  words  to  be  written ;  to  give  orders, 
dictionary,  originally  a  collection  of  sayings ;  a  word-book. 


LATIN   ROOTS   AND    ENGLISH    DERIVATIVES  99 

dictum,  a  formal  saying  or  pronouncement. 

addict  (ady  to),  to  devote  oneself  to  a  practice. 

benediction  {bene,  well),  the  act  of  speaking  well,  a  blessing. 

contradict  (contra,  against),  to  speak  against,  to  deny. 

edict  {e,  forth),  that  which  is  spoken  forth  by  one  in  authority ;  a  com- 
mand or  proclamation. 

indict  (m,  against),  to  speak  against,  to  accuse. 

interdict  (inter,  between),  to  pronounce  judgment  between  two  persons, 
to  prohibit  or  restrain. 

jurisdiction  (jus,  juris,  law),  lawful  right  to  exercise  official  authority. 

malediction  (male,  evil),  evil  speaking,  a  curse. 

predict  {prae,  before),  to  foretell  or  prophesy. 

valedictory  (vale,  farewell),  a  farewell  speech  or  address. 

verdict  (verus,  true),  a  thing  truly  said ;  the  decision  of  a  jury. 

ditto,  the  aforesaid,  the  same. 

dictator  contradiction  prediction 

dictatorial  indictment  valedictorian 

12.    du'co,  du'ce  re,  du'xi,  duc'tum,  lead 

adduce  (ad,  to),  to  bring  forward,  to  cite  as  proof. 

conduce  (con,  with,  together),  to  lead  or  tend  to,  to  help  toward. 

deduce  (de,  down  or  from),  to  draw  from,  to  infer. 

educate  (e,  out),  to  lead  out,  to  develop. 

induce  (in,  towards),  to  lead  toward,  to  prevail  on,  to  bring 
about. 

introduce  (intro,  in,  into),  to  lead  into,  to  bring  into  use ;  to  make  known. 

produce  (pro,  forward),  to  lead  or  bring  forward. 

reduce  (re,  back),  to  lead  back,  to  lower,  to  subdue. 

seduce  (se,  apart),  to  lead  astray,  to  entice. 

superinduce  (super,  above  or  beyond),  to  lead  beyond  or  give  rise  to 
additionally. 

traduce  (tra  for  trans,  across),  to  lead  across,  to  transfer,  to  mis- 
represent. 

abduct  (a6,  from  or  away),  to  lead  away,  to  kidnap. 

aqueduct  (aqua,  water),  an  artificial  channel  for  leading  water. 


100  LATIN   ROOTS   AND    ENGLISH    DERIVATIVES 

viaduct  {via,  way),  a  way  conducted  across  a  series  of  arches  for  carry- 
ing a  road  or  railway  over  a  valley, 
conduit,  a  channel  or  pipe  for  conveying  liquids. 
duke,  originally  a  leader. 

duchy,  the  territory  of  a  reigning  duke  or  duchess. 
ducat,  a  gold  coin  probably  named  for  Duke  of  Apula,  1140. 
ductile,  capable  of  being  drawn  into  a  wire. 

conductor  introduction  traducer 

education  product  duchess 

inducement  reducible  ductility 

13.    fa'ci  o,  fa'ce  re,  fe'ci,  fac'tum,  do,  make 

facile,  easily  done,  working  easily. 

facility,  ease  or  readiness  in  doing. 

factory,  a  place  where  things  are  made. 

faculty,  the  power  or  ability  to  do. 

facsimile  {similis,  like),  made  like,  an  exact  copy. 

factotum  (Mum,  whole),  doing  the  whole,  a  servant  of  all  work. 

fact,  a  thing  known  to  have  been  done,  or  known  to  be  true. 

factor,  one  of  the  parts  making  up  a  number ;  one  who  does  for  an- 
other ;  that  which  helps  to  bring  about  a  result. 

faction,  a  number  of  persons  combined  to  do  some  thing. 

malefactor  (male,  evil),  evildoer. 

manufacture  (manus,  the  hand),  literally,  to  make  by  hand. 

petrifaction  (petra,  a  rock),  the  process  of  making  into  stone. 

satisfaction  (satis,  enough),  the  doing  enough,  the  gratification  of 
desires  or  wishes. 

suffice  (suf  for  sub),  to  make  up  what  is  wanting,  to  be  enough. 

deficient  ((ig,  down  or  from),  not  done,  lacking. 

efficient  (efior  ex,  out),  making  or  producing  the  desired  effect. 

difficult  (dif  for  dis,  apart),  hard  to  do  or  to  be  done. 

office,  a  place  for  doing,  employment,  duty. 

officious,  doing  that  which  is  not  wanted,  meddlesome. 

proficient  (pro,  forward),  making  progress,  well  qualified,  expert. 

sacrifice  (sacer,  sacred),  that  which  is  made  sacred  or  offered  to  a  deity. 


LATIN   ROOTS   AND   ENGLISH   DEI^iyATXVSS  10  i 

artifice  (ars,  artis,  art),  done  by  art,  device,  or  skill. 

affect  {af  for  ad,  for),  to  aim  at  or  for;  to  pretend  to  have  or  feel;  to 

move  or  touch, 
defect  (de,  down  or  away  from),  that  which  is  undone  or  wanting;  a 

blemish, 
effect,  that  which  is  obtained  by  making  or  doing,  a  result, 
infect  (in,  in),  to  put  in,  to  taint  or  corrupt, 
perfect  (per,  thoroughly),  thoroughly  made,  complete,  whole,  without 

blemish, 
fashion,  the  make  or  form  of  a  thing, 
feat,  a  noteworthy  deed  or  act. 
feature,  the  make,  the  shape,  the  form, 
feasible,  that  may  be  done,  practicable, 
counterfeit  (contra,  against),  to  make  against,  to  make  unlawfully,  to 

imitate  with  intent  to  deceive, 
forfeit  (foris,  outside,  beyond),  to  lose  by  some  misdoing, 
surfeit  (sur  from  super,  above),  to  do  above  or  beyond,  to  overfeed. 

facilitate  difficulty  effective 

petrify  proficiency  imperfect 

dissatisfied  sacrificial  forfeiture 

deficiency  defective  sufficient 

14.    fe'ro,  fer're,  tuli,  la'tum,  bear,  carry 

fertile,  bearing  abundantly,  fruitful. 

confer  (con,  with  or  together),  to  take  counsel  with,  to  bestow. 

defer  (de,  away),  to  put  away  or  to  put  off,  to  postpone. 

differ  (dif  for  dis,  apart),  to  bear  apart,  to  be  unlike. 

offer  (of  for  ob,  near),  to  bring  near,  to  lay  before,  to  present. 

prefer  {prae,  before,  forward),  to  bring  forward,  to  promote,  to  choose 

instead  of. 
proffer  (pro,  before),  to  bring  before  one  for  acceptance, 
refer  (re,  back),  to  bear  back ;  to  relate  ;  to  make  appeal, 
suffer  (suf  for  sub,  under),  to  bear  under ;  to  endure  ;  to  permit, 
transfer  (trans,  across),  to  bear  across  ;  to  convey;  to  remove, 
coniferous  (conus,  a  cone),  cone-bearing. 


102  LATIN   r.OOTS   AND    ENGLISH    DERIVATIVES 

floriferous  (Jlos,  floris,  a  flower). 

fructiferous  (fructus,  fruit). 

pestiferous  {pestis,  pest,  plague). 

Lucifer  (lux,  lucis,  light),  light-bearing ;  the  morning-star ;  Satan. 

vociferous  (vox,  vocis,  voice),  bearing  the  voice  afar,  calling  loudly. 

ablative  {ab,  from),  taking  or  carrying  away ;  a  case  in  Latin  denoting 
source,  agent  or  cause. 

collate  (col  for  con,  with  or  together),  to  bring  together,  to 
compare. 

dilate  (di,  apart),  to  bear  or  spread  apart,  to  enlarge,  to  widen. 

elate  (e,  out  or  up),  to  lift  up,  to  stimulate,  to  exalt. 

oblate  (ob,  towards),  borne  or  pushed  forward ;  flattened  at  the  poles 
as  a  sphere. 

prelate  (jprae,  before),  one  set  before  or  advanced,  a  church  dignitary. 

relate  (re,  back),  to  carry  back,  to  describe,  to  tell. 

superlative  (super,  beyond),  carried  beyond,  extreme,  superior. 

translate  (trans,  across),  to  carry  across,  to  convey,  to  render  into  an- 
other language. 


fertilize 

offering 

vociferate 

conference 

preference 

dilation 

deferential 

referee 

elation 

different 

sufferer 

translator 

15.    for'ma,  for'mae,  a  form ;  for'mo,  for  ma're,  form 

conform  (con,  with,  together),  to  form  with  or  like,  to  make  similar  to. 
deform   (de,  away),  to  put  out  of  shape  or  proper  form,  to  make 

ugly, 
inform  (in,  into),  to  put  into  form,  to  tell,  to  impart  knowledge, 
informal  (in,  not),  not  according  to  due  form. 

reform  (re,  again),  to  form  anew,  to  amend,  to  cure.  I 

cruciform  (crux,  crucis,  a  cross). 
cuneiform  (cuneu^,  a  wedge),  wedge-shaped  characters  used  in  Persian 

and  Assyrian  inscriptions, 
multiform  (multu^,  many). 


LATIN   BOOTS   AND   ENGLISH   DERIVATIVES  103 

uniform  (unus,  one). 

formula,  a  form  or  set  of  words  to  be  used  on  a  special  occasion. 

formless  conformity  informant 

formal  deformity  reformatory 

informality  uniformity  transformation 

formalism  information  conformable 

16.  fran'go,  fran'ge  re,  fre'gi,  frac'tum,  break 

frangible,  capable  of  being  broken, 
infringe  (in,  in),  to  break  in  upon,  to  violate, 
fraction,  a  portion,  a  small  piece, 
fracture,  a  breaking,  a  breakage,  a  breach, 
infraction  (in,  in),  a  breaking  in,  a  violation, 
refract  (re,  back),  to  bend  back ;  to  bend  aside  rays  of  light, 
fragment,  a  piece  broken  off. 
fragile,  easily  broken, 
frail,  weak,  tender,  perishable. 

suffrage,  the  right  of  voting;  perhaps  originally  meaning  the  broken 
piece  of  earthenware  used  as  a  ballot. 

frangibility  infringement  refraction 

infrangible  fractional  fragmentary 

17.  fun'do,  fun'de  re,  fu'di,  fu'sum,  pour,  melt 

refund  (re,  again),  to  pour  back,  to  repay. 

found,  to  form  by  pouring  into  a  mold. 

confound  (con,  together),  to  pour  together,  to  mix  up,  to  perplex. 

fuse,  to  melt  with  intense  heat,  to  blend. 

confuse  (con,  together),  to  melt  together,  to  throw  into  disorder,  to 

mix  in  the  mind, 
diffuse  (dif  for  dis,  apart),  to  pour  around,  to  scatter,  to  spread, 
effuse  (ef  for  e,  out  or  forth),  to  pour  forth,  to  lack  restraint, 
infuse  (in,  into),  to  pour  in,  to  instil,  to  steep, 
refuse  (re,  back),  to  pour  back,  to  reject,  to  deny  a  request. 


104  LATIN    ROOTS   AND    ENGLISH    DERIVATIVES 

suffuse  {suf  for  sub,  under),  to  pour  under  ;  to  overspread  or  cover 

as  with  a  liquid, 
transfuse  (trans,  across),  to  pour  from  one  vessel  to  another ;  to  cause 

to  flow  from  the  veins  of  one  person  to  another. 


foundry 

confusion 

infusion 

fusible 

diffusion 

refusal 

fusion 

effusion 

transfusion 

18.    gig'no,    gig'ne  re,    ge'nu  i,    ge'ni  turn,    beget,    produce ;    gens, 
gen'tis,  a  clan  or  nation ;  ge'nus,  ge'ne  ris,  a  kind 

genitive,  a  case  in  grammar  giving  the  source. 

genteel,  formerly,  belonging  to  a  noble  race ;  well-bred,  graceful. 

gentle,  formerly,  of  high  birth  ;  docile,  mild. 

gentry,  of  good  birth. 

general  (an  adjective),  relating  to  a  genus  or  class,  hence  common, 

prevalent, 
generate,  to  produce,  to  bring  into  existence, 
degenerate  {de,  down  or  away),  to  lose  the  qualities  proper  to  the  race ; 

to  revert  to  lower  type, 
regenerate  (re,  again),  to  restore  to  former  excellence,  to  renew, 
generous,  formerly,  of  noble  birth ;  noble-minded,  free  in  giving, 
gender,  kind  or  sex. 

genuine,  of  true  stock,  original ;  hence  real,  natural, 
genus,  kind  of  things ;  a  group  of  plants  or  animals  having  common 

characteristics. 
congenital  (con,  with),  belonging  with  or  to  one  from  birth, 
progenitor  (pro,  before),  a  forefather  or  ancestor, 
progeny  (pro,  forth),  offspring,  descendants, 
primogenitor  (primus,  first),  earliest  ancestor. 

gentility  generation  regeneration 

gentleness  degeneracy  generosity 

19.    gra'di  or,  gra'di,  gres'sus,  walk,  step,  go 

grade,  a  step  in  rank,  a  degree. 
gradual,  advancing  by  steps. 


LATIN   ROOTS   AND    ENGLISH    DERIVATIVES  105 

graduate,  to  mark  out  in  steps  or  degrees ;     to  attain  a  certain  rank 

or  academic  degree. 
degrade  (de,  down  or  away),  to  lower  in  rank,  to  debase  morally, 
retrograde  {retro,  back),  to  go  back,  to  retreat,  to  decline, 
aggress  {ag  for  ad,  to),  to  go  to  or  toward,  to  attack, 
congress  (con,  with  or  together),  a  coming  together,  a  formal  meeting, 
digress  {di,  apart),  to  step  aside,  to  go  apart,  to  wander, 
egress  (e,  out),  a  way  out,  the  right  of  going  out. 
ingress  {in,  in),  a  way  in,  the  right  of  entrance, 
transgress  {trans,  beyond),  to  go  beyond  the  bounds,  to  violate,  to 

infringe. 
degree,  a  step,  a  rank,  a  stage  in  scale  or  process, 
ingredient,  that  which  enters  into  a  mixture. 

gradation  aggressive  progressive 

graduation  congressional  retrogression 

degradation  digression  transgressor 

20.    gra'tus,  thankful,  pleasing ;  gra'ti  a,  gra'ti  ae,  favor,  good  will 

grateful,  full  of  thanks. 

ingrate  {in,  not),  one  not  thankful. 

gratis,  that  which  is  given  by  favor,  free. 

gratuitous,  got  or  given  free,  not  earned ;  hence  uncalled  for,  unwar- 
ranted. 

gratify,  to  make  thankful,  to  please,  to  show  favor  to. 

congratulate  {con,  with),  to  express  one's  pleasure  in  another's 
happiness,  to  wish  much  joy. 

ingratiate  {in,  into),  to  bring  one's  self  into  favor  with. 

agree,  to  be  in  favor  of,  to  be  in  harmony  with,  to  consent. 

grace,  favor,  pleasing  quality,  attractiveness. 

disgrace  (dis,  apart),  lack  of  favor,  downfall  from  position. 

gratitude  congratulation  disagreement 

ingratitude  congratulatory  graceful 

gratuitously  agreeable  graceless 

gratification  disagree  disgraceful 


106 


LATIN   ROOTS    AND    ENGLISH   DERIVATIVES 


Review  II 

transfusion 

ductility 

genuine 

benediction 

degradation 

fertiUty 

fracture 

ungrateful 

defective 

uniform 

fragile 

translate 

facility 

degenerate 

transgress 

21.    ja'ci  o,  ja'ce  re,  je'ci,  jac'tum,  lay,  throw,  cast 

abject  (ab,  from),  cast  from,  miserable,  degraded. 

conjecture  {con,  together),  to  cast  or  throw  together,  to  guess. 

dejected  {de,  down),  cast  down,  dispirited. 

eject  (e,  out),  to  cast  out,  expel,  emit. 

inject  (in,  into),  to  throw  into. 

interject  (inter,  between),  to  throw  between,  to  insert. 

object  (ob,  against),  to  throw  against,  to  oppose. 

project  (pro,  forward),  to  throw  forward,  to  extend. 

projectile,  missile  thrown  by  a  cannon. 

reject  (re,  back),  to  throw  back;  to  refuse. 

subject  (sub,  under),  to  lay  under  the  power  of  another,  to  subdue. 

adjacent  (ad,  to,  +  jacere,  to  lie),  lying  near  to. 

ejaculate,  to  throw  out  words  suddenly. 

jet,  a  stream  thrown  into  the  air. 

jetty,  a  projection,  a  kind  of  pier. 


abjectly 

conjectural 

dejection 


injection 

interjection 

objective 


rejection 

subjective 

ejaculation 


22.    jun'go,  jun'ge  re,  jun'xi,  iunc'tum,  join ;  ju'gum,  ju'gi,  a  yoke 

adjoin  (ad,  to),  to  join  to. 

conjoin  (con,  with),  to  join  with,  to  combine. 

disjoin  (dis,  apart),  to  separate. 

enjoin  (en  for  in,  on),  to  join  or  lay  a  charge  on,  to  prescribe. 

rejoin  (re,  again),  to  join  again,  to  make  a  reply. 

subjoin  (sub,  under),  to  join  on  at  the  end,  to  annex. 


LATIN    ROOTS   AND    ENGLISH    DERIVATIVES  107 

juncture,  a  place  where  things  join,  an  occasion  where  circumstances 

meet, 
adjunct,  that  which  is  joined  to. 
conjunction,  a  union,  a  connection, 
disjunction,  a  separation  or  disunion, 
injunction,  an  enjoining,  an  authoritative  order, 
subjunctive,  a  mood  in  grammar  used  chiefly  in  clauses  which  are 

subordinate  or  subjoined  to  the  main  clause, 
conjugal  {con,  together),  relating  to  those  joined  in  marriage, 
conjugate,  to  bind  together,  to  give  various  parts  of  a  verb  which  are 

derived  from  the  same  root. 
subjugate  {sub,  under),  to  bring  under  the  yoke,  to  subdue. 

junction  disjunctive  subjugation 

rejoinder  conjugation  conjunctive 

23.    le'go,  le'ge  re,  le'gi,  lec'tum,  read,  gather,  choose 

legend,  a  collection  of  the  lives  of  saints,  a  traditional  story. 

legible,  easily  read. 

legion,  a  selected  body  of  soldiers,  in  the  Roman  army  3000  to  6000  men. 

elegant  {e,  out),  chosen  out,  choice,  graceful,  refined. 

sacrilege  {sacer,  sacred),  the  gathering  or  carrying  away  of  sacred 
things,  the  robbing  a  temple,  the  violation  of  what  is  sacred. 

eligible,  fit  to  be  chosen. 

intelligent  {intel  for  inter,  between),  the  power  to  choose  between,  hav- 
ing understanding. 

negligent  {7ieg,  not),  not  to  gather  or  pick  up,  careless,  disregardful. 

lecture,  a  reading,  a  formal  discourse. 

collect  {col,  together),  to  gather  together. 

recollect  {re,  again),  to  collect  again,  to  remember. 

elect  {e,  out),  to  choose  out,  to  select  by  vote. 

select  {se,  apart),  to  choose  by  rejecting  or  excluding. 

intellect  (inter,  between),  faculty  of  choosing  between,  discernment. 

legendary  ineligible  recollection 

illegible  intelligently  elective 

elegance  negligence  selection 


108  LATIN   ROOTS    AND    ENGLISH    DERIVATIVES 

24.    lo'quor,  lo'qui,  lo  cu'tus,  talk,  speak 

loquacious,  talkative,  chattering. 

colloquy  {col,  together),  speaking  together,  conversation. 

colloquial,  belonging  to  familiar  speech,  not  formal  or  elevated  lan- 
guage. 

eloquent  {e,  out),  speaking  out,  fluent,  apt  in  the  use  of  language. 

magniloquent  {magnus,  great),  pompous  in  language,  boastful. 

obloquy  (06,  against),  speech  against,  abuse,  vilification. 

soliloquy  {solus,  alone),  a  speaking  to  oneself. 

ventriloquist  {venter,  stomach),  one  whose  voice  appears  to  come  from 
some  other  source  than  the  throat  of  speaker. 

locution,  style  of  speech. 

locutory,  parlor  or  conversation-room  in  a  monastery. 

elocution  {e,  out),  style  or  art  of  oral  delivery. 

circumlocution  {circum,,  around),  roundabout  expression,  use  of  many 
words. 

loquacity  eloquence  soliloquize 

colloquialism  magniloquence  elocutionist 

25.    ma'nus,  the  hand 

manacle,  a  handcuff,  a  fetter. 

manipulate,  to  handle  skillfully. 

manual,  done  by  the  hand;  (noun),  a  hand-book;  keyboard,  as 
of  an  organ,  played  with  the  hands. 

manufacture  {facere,  to  make). 

manumit  {mittere,  to  send),  to  send  from  one's  hand ;  to  give  freedom  to. 

manuscript  {scribere,  to  write),  that  which  is  written  by  the  hand; 

amanuensis,  one  who  writes  from  dictation. 

emancipate  {e,  from  ;  caper e,  to  take),  to  take  from  the  hand  of,  to  free. 

manage,  to  control  by  hand,  to  govern,  to  direct. 

maneuver  {opus,  Fr.  oeuvre,  work),  to  work  by  hand,  to  force  or 
drive  by  contrivance. 

maintain  {tenere,  to  hold),  to  hold  by  the  hand,  to  aid  or  support  an- 
other. 

manner,  mode  of  handling  or  doing. 


LATIN    ROOTS   AND    ENGLISH    DERIVATIVES  109 

manipulation  emancipator  maintenance 

manufactory  management  mannerly 

manumission  manager  mannerism 

26.    me'di  us,  the  middle 

medieval  {aevum,  an  age),  pertaining  to  the  Middle  Ages. 

mediate,  to  form  a  connecting  link  between,  to  reconcile  two  persons 

or  parties, 
medial,  situated  in  the  middle. 

mediocre,  of  middling  quality,  neither  good  nor  bad. 
Mediterranean  {terra,  land),  a  sea  in  the  middle  of  the  land, 
medium,  between  extremes,  middle  quality, 
immediate  {im,  not),  nothing  intervening  or  between;  direct, 
intermediate  {inter,  between),  coming  between  two  things, 
meridian  {dies,  day),  pertaining  to  mid-day. 
antemeridian  {ante,  before), 
postmeridian  {post,  after). 

medievalism  mediator  immediately 

mediation  mediocrity  intermediary 

27.    mi'nu  o,   mi  nu'e  re,   mi'nu  i,   mi  nu'tum,   lessen ;    mi'nor,    less  ; 

min'i  mus,  least 

minute,  very  small,  slight. 

minutia,  precise  or  trivial  detail. 

minuend,  a  number  to  be  diminished. 

minuet,  a  dance  with  short  steps. 

miniature,  on  a  small  scale ;  a  painting  of  small  dimensions  and  delicate 

workmanship, 
diminish,  to  lessen, 
diminutive,  small. 

minor,  lesser,  inferior ;  a  person  under  age. 
minority,  under  age ;  less  than  a  majority, 
minus,  less. 

minimum,  least  amount  attainable, 
minimize,  to  reduce  to  the  smallest  amount  or  degree. 


110  LATIN   ROOTS   AND   ENGLISH   DERIVATIVES 

28.    mit'to,  mit'te  re,  mi'si,  mis'sum,  send,  cast,  let  go 

admit  {ady  to),  to  allow  to  enter. 

commit  {com^  with),  to  send  with,  to  entrust  to. 

emit  {e,  out  or  forth),  to  send  forth,  or  to  give  out. 

intermit  {inter y  between),  to  send  between,  to  interrupt. 

manumit  (see  manus). 

omit  (o  has  but  little  force),  to  let  go,  to  leave  out. 

permit  {per,  through),  to  let  go  through,  to  grant  leave  to. 

pretermit  {praeter,  beyond),  to  allow  to  go  past,  to  omit  for  a  time. 

remit  {re,  back),  to  send  back;  to  pardon. 

submit  {sub,  under),  to  go  under,  to  yield  to. 

transmit  (trans,  across),  to  send  across,  to  pass  on. 

mission,  an  errand  on  which  a  person  is  sent. 

missile,  something  thrown  or  cast  as  a  weapon. 

commissary,  a  person  in  charge  of  something ;  an  officer  charged  with 

the  supply  of  food  for  soldiers. 
promise  {p^ro,  forth),  to  send  or  put  forth,  to  afford  expectation  of,  to 

hold  good, 
demise  {de,  apart),  sent  apart,  a  conveyance  by  will ;  death. 
surmise  {sur  for  super,  over),  to  conjecture  upon  slight  evidence,  to 

guess. 

admittance  admission  remission 

committee  manumission  submissive 

intermittent  omission  transmission 

remittance  permission  missionary 

29.   mo've  o,  mo  ve're,  moVi,  mo'timi,  move 

motive,  moving  or  impelling  power. 

motor,  that  which  imparts  motion. 

commotion  {com,  completely),  a  violent  movement,  disturbance. 

emotion,  agitation  of  the  mind. 

promote  {pro,  forward),  to  move  forward,  to  advance. 

remote  {re,  back),  moved  back,  far  removed,  distant. 

momentum,  the  quantity  of  motion  of  a  moving  body. 

mobile,  easily  moved. 


LATIN    ROOTS   AND    ENGLISH    DERIVATIVES 


111 


mobilize,  to  render  movable,  to  put  into  circulation. 
automobile  (Gr.  autos,  self),  a  self-moving  vehicle. 

emotional 


movement 
immovable 
removable 


motionless 

motorist 

promotion 


mobility 
remoteness 


30.    no 'men,  no'mi  nis,  a  name 

nominate,  to  call  by  name,  to  propose  for  election. 

nomenclature  (calare,  to  call),  a  system  of  names  for  things. 

cognomen  (cog  for  co,  with),  name  held  in  common  with  one's  parent, 
surname. 

nominal,  existing  in  name  only,  not  actual. 

denominator  (de,  down),  the  number  below  the  line  in  a  common 
fraction  which  gives  the  fraction  its  name. 

ignominy  {ig,  not),  that  which  disgraces  or  dishonors  the  name. 

noun,  a  word  used  as  the  name  of  a  person  or  thing. 

pronoun  {pro,  for,  instead  of),  a  word  used  instead  of  a  noun  or  name. 

misnomer  {mis,  badly),  a  name  wrongly  applied. 

nom  de  plume  {plume,  feather,  pen),  literally  pen  name,  a  name  as- 
sumed for  writing  purposes. 


nomination 

nominally 

ignominious 

nominee 

denomination 
Review  III 

pronominal 

intermediate 

juncture 

adjoin 

eject 

eligible 

soliloquy 

manager 

diminish 

transmit 

immovable 

projectile 

mobilize 

ignominy 

mediocre 

denominator 

31.    nos'co,  nos'ce  re,  no'vi,  no'tum,  know 

note,  a  mark  whereby  a  thing  is  known,  an  outward  sign. 

notify,  to  make  known. 

notice,  information,  observation. 


112  LATIN   ROOTS   AND   ENGLISH   DERIVATIVES 

notion,  a  thing  known,  an  idea,  opinion  or  theory. 

notorious,  unfavorably  known. 

noble,  well  known,  illustrious,  of  lofty  character. 

ennoble,  to  make  illustrious  or  noble. 

ignoble  {in,  not),  not  noble,  mean,  base. 

cognition  {con,  together),  act  or  faculty  of  knowing. 

cognizance,  knowledge,  being  aware  of. 

connoisseur  {con,  fully),  one  who  knows  fully,  a  critical  judge  in 

matters  of  taste. 
incognito  {in,  not),  unknown,  concealed  under  a  disguised  character, 
recognize  {re,  again),  to  know  again,  to  identify  as  known  before, 
reconnoitre,  to  recognize,  to  survey,  to  take  a  precise  view  from  a 

military  standpoint, 
ignore  {in,  not),  not  to  know,  to  refuse  to  take  notice  of. 
ignorant,  lacking  knowledge,  uninformed, 
ignoramus,  literally,  we  do  not  know ;  an  ignorant  person. 

notable  notoriety  ignobly 

notification  nobleness  recognition 

noticeable  nobility  ignorance 

32.   pars,  par'tis,  a  part  or  share 

partisan,  an  adherent  of  a  party. 

parcel,  a  small  part  or  share,  a  small  package. 

parse,  to  divide  a  sentence  into  parts  in  order  to  describe  them. 

partition,  a  division  into  parts ;  that  which  divides  into  parts. 

partake,  to  take  a  part  of,  to  share. 

participate  {caper c,  to  take),  to  take  part. 

participle,  a  word  which  partakes  of  the  nature  of  a  verb  and  some 

other  word, 
particle  {cle,  little),  a  small  part. 

partial,  forming  only  a  part ;  favoring  a  part  or  an  individual, 
partner,  one  who  has  a  part  or  one  who  shares  with  another, 
particular,  relating  to  one  part  or  individual  as  distinguished  from 

others ;  special, 
apartment,  a  suite  of  rooms  forming  a  part  of  a  house. 


LATIN    ROOTS   AND    ENGLISH    DERIVATIVES  113 

compartment,  a  division  separated  by  partitions. 

portion,  a  part. 

proportion,  relation  of  parts. 

partly      •  departure  impartial 

nonpartisan  participation  proportional 

33.    pa'ter,  pa'tris,  a  father ;  pa'tri  a,  one's  fatherland 

paternoster  (noster,  our),  our  father,  the  Lord's  Prayer. 

paternal,  fatherly. 

paternity,  fatherhood. 

patrician,  in  Rome  a  descendant  of  a  senator,  an  aristocrat. 

patrimony,  property  inherited  from  one's  father,  a  heritage. 

patron,  one  who  takes  the  place  of  a  father,  a  protector ;  a  customer. 

patronize,  to  act  as  a  patron  towards,  to  support. 

patter,  to  repeat  prayers  mechanically    (from  paternoster) ;  to  talk 

glibly. 
patriot,  one  who  loves  his  fatherland. 

compatriot  {com,  together  with),  one  having  the  same  fatherland. 
expatriate  {ex,  out),  to  banish  from  one's  fatherland. 

paternally  unpatriotic  expatriation 

34.    pen' do,  pen'de  re,  pe  pen'di,  pen'sum,  weigh  out,  pay  out 

compendious  {com,  with),  weighed  together,  brief,  comprehensive. 

expend  {ex,  out),  to  pay  out. 

expense,  amount  paid  out. 

expensive,  much  paid  out  for,  costly. 

pension,  a  stated  allowance  usually  paid  by  the  government. 

compensate  {com,  with),  to  reckon  or  weigh  one  thing  with  another, 
to  counterbalance,  to  reward  suitably. 

dispense  {dis,  apart),  to  weigh  out,  to  distribute. 

dispensable,  capable  of  being  given  out,  capable  of  being  done  with- 
out, not  necessary. 

dispensary,  a  charitable  institution  where  medicines  are  given  out. 

recompense  {re,  again),  to  pay  again,  to  reward. 
I 


114  LATIN   ROOTS   AND   ENGLISH   DERIVATIVES 

compendium,  an  abridgment,  summary  or  abstract, 
pensive,  w^ghing  one's  thoughts,  considering,  thoughtful, 
pansy,  the  flower  of  thought  or  remembrance. 

stipend  (stips,  a  small  coin),  small  coin  weighed  out ;  hence  a  stated 
salary  or  allowance. 

expenditure  compensation  indispensable 

expensively  pensioner  pensively 

35.   pes,  pe'dis,  a  foot 

pedal,  foot  lever  in  various  machines  and  instruments. 

pedestrian,  one  who  goes  on  foot. 

expedite  {ex,  out),  to  free  the  foot,  to  make  ready,  to  hasten. 

expedition,  a  warlike  enterprise ;  originally  a  journey  on  foot. 

expedient,  that  which  is  advantageous  or  easy  rather  than  just. 

impede  (im,  in),  to  entangle  the  foot,  to  obstruct. 

pedestal,  the  foot  or  base  of  a  pillar,  a  foundation. 

pedicle,  the  footstalk  by  which  a  fruit  or  flower  is  joined  to  the  stem. 

pedometer    (meter,    measure),    instrument    for    measuring    distance 

traveled  by  foot, 
pedigree,  literally  foot  of  a  crane,  so  named  from  three-line  mark 

denoting  succession  or  descent. 
biped  {bisy  two), 
quadruped  {quadru,  four). 

expeditiously  expeditionary  impediment 

36.   pli'co,  pli  ca're,  pli  ca'vi,  pli  ca'timi,  fold,  bend,  turn 

duplex  {duo,  two),  twofold,  of  two  elements, 
multiplex  (multi,  many),  manifold,  of  many  elements, 
simplex  (sim,  one),  onefold,  not  comphcated. 
triplex  (tri,  three),  threefold,  in  three  parts, 
complicate  (com,  together),  to  fold  with,  to  mix  up. 
duplicate,  to  double,  to  multiply  by  two. 
explicate  (ex,  out),  to  unfold,  to  develop  a  notion, 
implicate  (im,  in),  to  fold  in,  to  involve,  to  entangle, 
replicate  (re,  back),  to  fold  back  on  itself,  to  repeat. 


LATIN   ROOTS   AND   ENGLISH   DERIVATIVES  115 

supplicate  {sub,  under),  to  bend  under  or  down,  to  entreaj. 

ply,  to  fold,  to  bend,  to  work  vigorously ;  a  fold  or  layer  of  cloth. 

apply  (ad,  to),  to  fold  or  lay  to,  to  make  use  of,  to  address  oneself  to. 

multiply,  to  fold  many  times,  to  increase  in  number. 

supple,  easily  bent,  flexible. 

application  implication  simplicity 

duplication  multiplicity  suppliant 

explicitness  replication  suppleness 

37.   po'no,  po'ne  re,  po'su  i,  po'si  turn,  place,  put 

component  (com,  together),  placed  together,  forming  the  whole. 

deponent  (de,  down),  placed  or  set  down  ;  one  who  gives  written  testi- 
mony in  court. 

exponent  {ex,  out),  that  which  or  one  who  sets  forth  or  interprets ;  in 
mathematics  a  letter  or  number  set  above  to  indicate  the  power. 

opponent  {op,  against),  one  set  against  another,  an  antagonist. 

postpone  {post,  after),  to  place  after,  to  defer. 

position,  place,  attitude,  rank,  status. 

positive,  placed,  settled,  certain. 

apposite  {ap  for  ad,  to),  well  placed,  appropriate. 

composite  {com,  together),  made  up  of  various  parts  placed  together. 

deposit  {de,  down  or  away),  to  place  down  or  away. 

disposition  {dis,  apart) ;  setting  apart,  arrangement,  plan,  inclination. 

exposition  {ex,  out),  a  placing  out  or  setting  forth,  an  explanation  or 
commentary. 

imposition  {im,  on),  a  placing  or  laying  on ;  a  tax  or  duty. 

interposition  {inter,  between),  a  placing  between,  an  interference. 

opposite  {op  for  ob,  against),  placed  against,  facing;  hostile. 

proposition  {pro,  forth),  something  proposed  or  set  forth  for  consideration. 

preposition  {pre,  before),  a  part  of  speech  placed  before  a  noun  or  pro- 
noun to  show  its  relation. 

transposition  {trans,  across  or  beyond),  a  placing  across  or  beyond,  a 
change  in  order. 

postponement  depository  opposition 

positively  expositor  prepositional 


116  LATIN   ROOTS   AND   ENGLISH    DERIVATIVES 

38.   por'to,  por  ta're,  por  ta'vi,  por  ta'tum,  carry,  bear 

port,  carriage  of  the  body. 

portage,  carrying  of  boats  or  goods  between  lakes  or  rivers. 

export  (ex,  out),  to  carry  or  send  out  goods  to  another  country. 

import  {im  for  in),  to  carry  or  bring  goods  into  a  country. 

report  (re,  back),  to  carry  or  bring  back  an  account  of,  as  news. 

deportment,  manner  of  carrying  oneself,  bearing,  demeanor. 

important,  carrying  great  weight  or  consequence. 

purport,   meaning   or   sense   carried   or  implied   by  a   document   or 

speech, 
support  (sub,  under),  to  carry  a  part  of  the  weight  of,  to  bear  up. 
transport  (trans,  across),  to  carry  across,  to  convey, 
portfolio  (folio,  a  leaf),  a  case  for  carrying  loose  leaves  of  paper, 
disport  (dis,  apart),  to  carry  away  oneself  from  work, 
sport,  a  contraction  of  disport. 

portable  importation  reporter 

porter  importance  insupportable 

exporter  report  sportsmanship 

39.    pre  hen' do,     pre  hen'de  re,      pre  hen'di,     pre  hen'sum,     learn, 

teach,  seize 

apprehend  (ap  for  ad,  to),  to  seize,  to  lay  hold  of;  to  fear. 

comprehend  (com,  with),  to  grasp  mentally,  to  understand. 

reprehend  (re,  back),  to  hold  back,  to  check ;  to  blame. 

prehensile,  capable  of  grasping,  said  of  a  tail  or  limb. 

apprentice,  a  learner  of  a  trade. 

apprise,  to  teach,  to  inform. 

comprise,  to  include,  to  consist  of,  to  comprehend. 

enterprise,  readiness  to  seize  or  take  hold ;  an  undertaking. 

impregnable  (im,  not),  not  to  be  seized,  proof  against  attack. 

prison,  place  where  one  seized  is  confined. 

prize,  that  which  is  seized  from  an  enemy ;  a  reward. 

reprieve  (re,  back),  to  take  back,  to  delay  or  suspend  execution. 


LATIN   ROOTS   AND   ENGLISH   DERIVATIVES 


117 


reprisal,  forcible  seizure  of  foreign  subjects  in  retaliation, 
surprise  (sur  for  super,  above,  upon),  a  seizing  unawares. 

apprehensive  apprenticeship  enterprising 

comprehension  impregnabiUty  prisoner 

40.    pri'mus,  first;  pri'or,  former 

prime,  first,  first  quality. 

primate,  the  first  or  highest  in  the  Church,  an  archbishop. 

primates,  the  first  or  highest  order  of  mammals. 

primeval  (aevum,  an  age),  of  the  first  age  of  the  world,  ancient. 

primitive,  early,  ancient. 

primogenitor  {gignere,  to  bring  forth),  earliest  ancestor. 

primordial  (ordiri,  begin),  existing  at  or  from  the  beginning. 

primrose,  first  rose,  an  early  spring  flower. 

prince  {caper e,  to  take),  one  taking  first  place,  chief,  son  of  a  king. 

principal,  first  in  rank  or  importance. 

principle,  that  which  is  fundamental,  that   from   which   something 

proceeds. 
premier,  first  in  position,  order  or  time ;  prime  minister, 
prior,  first  or  head  officer  of  a  religious  house ;  first  in  order  of  time, 
priority,  state  of  being  first  in  order  of  time  or  condition, 
pristine,  pertaining  to  the  earliest  state  or  time. 

primary  primogeniture  principality 

primer  princess  priory 


depositor 

surprise 

transportation 

multiplier 

pension 


Review  IV 

ignorant 

participant 

expensive 

impediment 

postpone 


apprentice 

unprincipled 

expatriate 

duplicator 

priority 


41.    re'go,  re'ge  re,  re'xi,  rec'tum,  rule,  direct,  make  straight 

regent,  a  ruler,  one  acting  in  place  of  a  monarch, 
regimen,  a  rule  of  diet ;  a  system  of  government. 


118  LATIN   ROOTS    AND    ENGLISH    DERIVATIVES 

regiment,  a  body  of  soldiers  commanded  by  a  colonel. 

region,  originally  a  division  of  a  city  or  district  ruled  over ;  an  extent 

of  territory, 
rector,  one  who  directs  the  affairs  of  a  parish, 
correct  {cor  for  con,  thoroughly),  to  make  straight,  to  put  right, 
direct,  to  rule  or  control. 

erect  {e,  out  or  up),  upright,  straight,  not  stooping, 
regular,  according  to  rule, 
regulate,  to  control  by  rule. 

regency  corrective  director 

regimental  incorrect  erection 

rectory  direction  irregular 

42.    rum'po,  rum'pe  re,  ru'pi,  rup'ttim,  break,  destroy 

rupture,  to  part  violently. 

abrupt  {ah,  off,  apart),  broken  off,  short. 

bankrupt  (early  It.  hanca  rotta,  broken  bank),  unable  to  pay  one's 
debts. 

corrupt  {cor  for  con,  wholly),  wholly  broken  or  destroyed;  debased, 
defiled,  decomposed. 

disrupt  {dis,  apart),  to  break  apart,  to  burst  asunder. 

eruption  {e,  out),  a  breaking  out. 

interrupt  {inter,  between),  to  break  in  between,  to  destroy  the  con- 
tinuity of. 

irruption  {ir  for  in,  upon),  a  bursting  in  upon,  an  invasion. 

route,  a  way  broken  or  cut  through  a  forest,  a  road. 

routine,  a  following  of  a  route  or  way,  a  regular  course  of  procedure. 

abruptness  corruptible  interruption 

bankruptcy  eruption  irruptive 

43.    scri'bo,  scri'be  re,  scrip'si,  scrip'tum,  write 

scribe,  one  who  writes. 

scribble,  to  write  carelessly. 

script,  handwriting,  as  opposed  to  print. 

ascribe  {as  for  ad,  to),  to  write  down  to  one's  account,  to  attribute  to. 


LATIN    ROOTS   AND    ENGLISH    DERIVATIVES  119 

circumscribe  (circum,  around),  to  draw  a  line  around,  to  restrict,  to 

limit. 
describe  (de,  down),  to  write  down,  to  set  forth  in  words,  to  mark  out. 
inscribe  {in,  upon),  to  write  upon,  to  imprint  deeply, 
prescribe  {pre,  before),  to  set  before  in  writing,  to  lay  down  or  impose 

authoritatively, 
proscribe  {pro,  forth,  publicly),  to  write  publicly,  to  publish  the  name 

in  condemnation. 
subscribe  {sub,  under),  to  write  underneath,  to  sign  one's  name  to. 
superscribe  {super,  above),  to  write  above  or  without, 
transcribe  {trans,  across),  to  write  across,  to  copy  in  writing, 
scrip,  a  piece  of  writing ;  a  provisional  certificate, 
scripture,  the  writings  of  any  people ;  the  Bible, 
conscript  {con,  together),  to  write  down  together ;  a  recruit  enrolled 

by  lot. 
manuscript  {manu^,  the  hand),  that  which  is  written  by  hand,  not 

printed, 
nondescript  {non,  not),  not  easily  described,  neither  one  thing  nor 

another. 
postscript  {post,  after),  a  part  written  after  the  completion  of  a  letter, 
rescript  {re,  back),  an  answer  given  in  writing,  an  official  announcement. 

description  prescription  scriptiural 

inscription  subscription  superscription 

44.    se'co,  se  ca're,  se'cu  i,  sec'tum,  cut 

secant,  a  line  which  cuts  another. 

dissect  {dis,  apart),  to  cut  in  pieces,  to  analyze. 

insect  {in,  into),  an  animal  whose  body  is  divided  into  segments. 

intersect  {inter,  between),  to  cut  between,  to  cross. 

vivisect  {vivus,  living),  to  dissect  while  living. 

scion,  a  shoot  of  a  plant  cut  for  grafting ;  a  descendant. 

segment,  a  part  cut  off. 

sickle,  an  implement  for  cutting. 

section  dissection  intersection 

bisection  insectivorous  trisect 


120  LATIN   ROOTS   AND    ENGLISH    DERIVATIVES 

45.   se'de  o,  se  de're,  se'di,  ses'sum,  sit 

sedentary,  sitting  much,  inactive. 

sediment,  matter  that  settles  to  the  bottom  of  a  Uquid. 

supersede  {super,  above),  originally  to  sit  upon,  to  preside  over;  to 
come  in  place  of,  to  set  aside. 

assiduous  (ad,  to),  sitting  down  to,  giving  close  attention  to,  persever- 
ing. 

insidious  (in,  in),  sitting  in  wait,  proceeding  craftily,  treacherous. 

preside  (pre,  before),  to  sit  before,  to  occupy  the  chair  of  authority. 

reside  (re,  back,  behind),  to  remain  behind,  to  stay,  to  dwell  per- 
manently. 

residue,  part  left  behind,  remainder. 

residuary,  pertaining  to  the  residue  of  the  estate. 

residuum,  substance  left  after  evaporation  or  combustion. 

subside  (sub,  under),  to  settle  down,  to  cease  from  activity. 

assess  (ad,  to,  near),  originally  to  sit  beside  another  to  help  in  judging ; 
to  fix  the  amount  of  taxes. 

possess  (pos  for  port,  near,  beside),  to  remain  near,  to  hold  as  property, 
to  own. 

see,  the  seat  of  a  bishop,  the  territory  over  which  he  presides,  a 
diocese. 

assize,  a  sitting  or  session  of  a  court  of  justice. 

assiduity  presidential  assessment 

insidiousness  residence  assessor 

president  session  possessive 

46.    sen'ti  o,  sen  ti're,  sen' si,  sen' sum,  perceive,  feel,  think 

scent,  that  which  is  perceived  by  the  sense  of  smell. 

sentence,  an  expression  of  thought  in  words. 

sententious,  full  of  thought,  pithy,  terse. 

sentient,  having  the  power  to  perceive  through  the  senses. 

sentiment,  a  mental  feeling  based  on  emotion. 

assent  (ad,  to),  to  think  in  the  same  way,  to  agree  to. 


LATIN    ROOTS    AND    ENGLISH    DERIVATIVES  121 

consent  {con,  with  or  together),  to  think  or  feel  with,  to  comply. 

dissent  {dis,  apart),  to  think  differently,  to  disagree. 

resent  {re,  again),  originally  to  feel  aigain;  to  retain  bitter  feeHngs. 

presentiment  {jpre,  before),  a  perceiving  beforehand,  a  foreboding. 

sense,  the  faculty  by  which  objects  are  perceived. 

sensibility,  the  capacity  to  feel. 

sensitive,  responding  readily  to  that  which  is  felt  or  perceived. 

sensual,  depending  upon  physical  feelings  for  pleasure. 

sensuous,  affecting  the  senses. 

consensus  {con,  together),  the  feeling  of  the  majority,  agreement. 

nonsense  {nan,  not),  lacking  in  sense. 

sentimental  dissenter  sensitiveness 

resentment  insensible  nonsensical 

47.    se'quor,  se'qui,  se  cu'tus,  follow 

sequence,  following  or  coming  after,  succession. 

sequel,  that  which  follows  after. 

consequent  {con,  together),  following  as  a  result. 

obsequies  {oh,  near),  literally,  followings ;  funeral  rites. 

obsequious  {oh,  near),  following  close  after,  fawning,  compliant. 

subsequent  {suh,  under),  following,  later  in  time. 

second,  following  the  first. 

consecutive,  following  in  order. 

persecute  {per,  continually,  to  destruction),  to  follow  with  annoyance, 

to  harass. 
prosecute,  to  follow  up,  to  institute  legal  proceedings  against. 
execute  {ex,  out),  to  follow  out  the  will  of  another, 
executioner,  one  who  inflicts  punishment  as  decreed  by  law. 
sue,  to  follow  with  a  petition, 
suitor,  one  who  follows  after ;  one  who  sues. 
suite,  a  train  of  followers ;  set  of  things  belonging  together. 

consequence  consecutively  executor 

obsequiousness  persecution  executrix 

subsequently  prosecutor  pursuit 

secondary  executive  pursuant 


122  LATIN   ROOTS   AND    ENGLISH    DERIVATIVES 

48.    sis'to,  sis'te  re,  sti'ti,  sta'tum,  cause  to  stand,  stand 

assist  {ad,  to),  to  stand  by,  to  help. 

consist  {con,  with),  to  stand  with,  to  be  composed  of. 

consistent,  standing  with,  agreeing  with,  compatible. 

desist  {de,  away),  to  stand  away  from,  to  leave  off,  to  cease. 

exist  {ex,  out  or  forth),  to  stand  forth,  to  continue  to  be,  to  live. 

coexist  {co,  with,  together),  to  exist  together  or  at  the  same  time. 

pre-exist  {pre,  before),  to  exist  previously. 

insist  {in,  upon),  to  stand  upon,  to  urge  firmly. 

persist  {per,  very,  completely),  to  stand  firmly  or  obstinately. 

resist  {re,  back),  to  withstand,  to  oppose. 

subsist  {sub,  used  with  but  little  force),  to  cause  to  stand,  to  support, 

to  live, 
superstition  {super,  above,  over),  originally,  perhaps,  standing  over 

in  awe  ;  an  excessive  belief  in  the  unknown, 
armistice  {arma,  arms,  weapons),  a  standing  still  of  arms,  a  cessation  of 

hostilities, 
solstice  {sol,  the  sun),  an  apparent  standing  still  of  the  sun. 

assistant  coexistent  irresistible 

existence  insistently  superstitious 

49.    spe'ci  o,  spe'ce  re,  spe'xi,  peer,  look  at,  see,  observe 

auspices  {avis,  a  bird),  the  observation  of  birds  for  purpose  of 
taking  omens,  a  prosperous  lead  ;  patronage. 

auspicious  {avis,  a  bird),  of  good  omen,  favorable. 

conspicuous  {con,  thoroughly),  clearly  seen,  striking  to  the  eye. 

despicable  {de,  down),  deserving  to  be  looked  down  upon,  vile,  con- 
temptible. 

perspicacious  {per,  through),  having  the  ability  to  see  through. 

perspicuous,  clearly  seen  through,  easily  understood,  well  expressed. 

suspicion  {su^  for  sub,  under),  feeling  of  one  who  looks  under,  distrust, 
conjecture. 

especial,  worthy  of  note,  exceptional,  pre-eminent. 

espy,  to  look,  to  discover. 


LATIN   BOOTS   AND    ENGLISH   DERIVATIVES  123 

Spy,  shortened  form  of  espy ;  one  who  looks  or  observes  secretly. 

espionage,  practice  of  using  spies. 

frontispiece,  illustration  facing  the  title  page  of  a  book. 

aspect,  way  of  looking,  appearance,  view. 

circumspect  {circunif  around),  looking  around,  taking  everything  into 
account,  wise,  cautious. 

expect  (ex,  out),  to  look  forward  to. 

inspect  (in,  in),  to  look  into,  to  examine. 

perspective,  relating  to  the  science  of  vision. 

prospect  (pro,  before,  forward),  that  which  is  seen  before,  or  looked  for- 
ward to ;  a  view. 

prospectus,  a  circular  announcing  a  forthcoming  enterprise. 

retrospect  (retro,  back),  that  which  is  looked  back  upon,  the  past. 

respect  (re,  used  intensively),  to  look  at,  to  regard,  to  esteem. 

introspective  (intro,  within),  looking  within,  examining  one's  own 
thoughts  and  feelings. 

suspect  (sus  for  sub,  under),  to  look  under,  to  distrust,  to  doubt. 

specie,  gold  or  silver  coin,  perhaps  from  the  idea  of  visible  money  as 
opposed  to  bank  notes  or  representative  money. 

species,  a  group  of  individuals  resembling  each  other  in  some  particular. 

specious,  of  good  appearance,  fair  on  the  surface,  deceptive. 

specimen,  something  shown  by  way  of  example. 

spectacle,  an  object  of  sight,  a  public  show. 

specter,  a  ghost,  an  image  appealing  to  the  sight  only. 

speculate,  to  look  into,  to  examine,  to  ponder. 

inauspicious  circumspection  retrospectively 

conspicuously  expectant  spectacular 

perspicacity  inspector  spectator 

suspicious  prospective  spectral 

especially  respectably  speculation 

50.    sto,  sta're,  ste'ti,  sta'tum,  stand 

circumstance  (circum,  around),  that  which  stands  around, 
constant  (con,  with),  standing  with,  faithful,  unmoved, 
distant  (di,  apart),  standing  apart. 


124 


LATIN    ROOTS   AND    ENGLISH    DERIVATIVES 


extant  {ex,  out),  standing  forth,  still  existing. 

instant  {in,  upon,  near),  standing  near,  urgent,  immediate. 

substance  {sub,  beneath),  standing  beneath,  essential  part,  reality. 

substantiate,  to  give  good  grounds  for,  to  prove  the  truth  of. 

transubstantiate  {trans,  across),  to  change  from  one  substance  to  an- 
other, as  in  the  Eucharist. 

state,  standing,  condition,  rank. 

static,  concerned  with  bodies  at  rest  or  forces  in  equilibrium. 

status,  social  standing,  standing  as  fixed  by  law. 

station,  a  standing,  a  post,  an  assigned  place. 

stationer,  originally  one  who  sold  books,  etc.,  at  a  fixed  stand. 

statue,  a  standing  image,  a  sculptured  or  molded  figure. 

stature,  height  with  reference  to  standing  position. 

statute,  a  fixed  law,  one  intended  to  stand  or  be  permanent. 

obstacle  {ob,  against),  that  which  stands  in  the  way  of,  a  hindrance. 

obstinate  {ob,  before,  against),  standing  against,  stubborn,  unyielding. 

constitute  {con,  together;  statum  becomes  stitum  in  compounds),  to 
cause  to  stand  together,  to  frame,  to  form. 

destitute  {de,  off,  away  from),  standing  away  from,  left  alone,  forsaken. 

institute,  to  set  up,  to  establish,  to  erect,  to  found. 

restitution  {re,  again),  the  act  of  placing  back  again,  to  restore  to  the 
rightful  owner. 

substitute  {sub,  under,  in  place  of),  to  stand  or  put  in  place  of  another. 


constancy 
distance 

statuesque 
statuette 

institutional 
substitution 

instantaneous 
substantial 

statutory 
constitution 

instability 
establishment 

stationary 

destitution 
Review  V 

obstinacy 

obstacle 
presidency 
armistice 
correction 

interrupt 
describe 
presentiment 
executor 

statue 
intersect 
assistant 
director 

eruption 

suspect 

statue 

LATIN   ROOTS    AND    ENGLISH    DERIVATIVES  125 

51.  strin'go,  strin'ge  re,  strin'xi,  stric'tiun,  bind,  draw  tight 

stringent,  drawn  tight,  precise,  hampered  by  necessity. 

astringent,  having  the  power  to  contract  or  draw  together  the  soft, 

organic  tissues  ;  binding,  severe. 
strict,  tense,  severe,  admitting  no  laxity, 
stricture,  censure,  severe  criticism. 
district,  an  outhned  or  defined  portion  of  the  country, 
restrict  (re,  back),  to  draw  back,  to  confine,  to  Hmit,  to  bind, 
constrict  {con,  together),  to  draw  together,  to  contract,  to  compress. 
strain,  to  stretch  tightly,  to  make  taut ;  to  filter. 
constrain,  to  bring  about  by  force,  to  compel,  to  imprison, 
restrain  (re,  back),  to  keep  back,  to  check,  to  repress. 

stringency  unrestricted  constraint 

strictly  constriction  restraint 

52.  tan'go,  tan'ge  re,  te'ti  gi,  tac'tum,  touch,  reach,  handle 

tangent,  a  straight  line  which  touches  a  circle  or  a  curve. 

tangible,  perceptible  by  touch,  definite. 

tact,  delicate  touch  or  handling,  peculiar  skill. 

tactile,  pertaining  to  the  sense  of  touch. 

contact  {con,  together),  a  close  touching. 

intact  {in,  not),  not  touched,  entire,  unimpaired. 

attain  {at  for  ad,  to),  to  reach  to,  to  gain. 

contiguous,  touching,  adjoining. 

integer  {in,  not),  untouched,  whole,  entire. 

disintegrate  {dis,  apart),  to  fall  apart,  to  lose  cohesion. 

integrity,  wholeness,  soundness  of  character. 

contingent,  touching,  relating  to,  dependent  upon. 

contagion,  communication  of  disease  by  touch  or  contact. 

tangibility  attainable  disintegration 

tactful  contiguity  contagious 

53.   ten'do,  ten'de  re,  te  ten'di,  ten'tum  or  ten'sum,  stretch,  strive,  try 

tend,  to  stretch  toward,  to  aim  at,  to  incline. 
tent,  stretched  canvas  used  as  shelter. 


126  LATIN  ROOTS   AND   ENGLISH   DERIVATIVES 

attend  (at  for  ad,  towards),  to  stretch  towards,  to  give  heed  to,  to  wait 

upon, 
contend  (con,  wholly),  to  strive  fully,  to  fight, 
distend  (dis,  apart),  to  stretch  apart,  to  swell, 
extend  (ex,  out),  to  stretch  out. 

intend  (in,  towards),  to  stretch  or  direct  the  mind  towards,  to  purpose, 
pretend  (pre,  before),  to  stretch  before,  to  hold  out  as  an  excuse, 
portend  (por  for  pro,  forth),  to  stretch  forth,  to  foretell,  to  predict, 
tendon,  a  strong,  hard  cord  stretching  from  a  muscle  to  a  bone, 
tense,  stretched  tight,  strained. 

intense,  stretched  to  a  high  degree,  violent,  vehement, 
ostensible  (ob,  before),  stretched  out  before,  put  forward  to  conceal 

the  real. 


tendency 

attention 

extensive 

tension 

inattentive 

portentous 

intensive 

contention 

ostentation 

54.   te'ne  o,  te  ne're,  te'nu  i,  ten'tum,  hold 

tenable,  that  which  can  be  held  or  maintained  against  attack. 

tenant,  one  who  holds  property  under  a  landlord. 

tenement,  a  piece  of  land  held  by  an  owner ;  a  dwelling  inhabited  by 

a  tenant, 
lieutenant  (lieu,  place),  one  who  holds  another's  place ;  officer  below 

captain, 
tenacious,  holding  fast. 

tenet,  a  principle  held  or  maintained  by  a  body  of  person?, 
tenure,  right  or  title  by  which  property  is  held ;  period  of  holding, 
content  (con,  together),  what  is  held  together  or  contained, 
detention  (de,  from,  away),  holding  away  from,  preventing, 
maintenance  (manus,  hand),  holding  in  the  hand,  upholding,  support, 
sustenance  (suh,  under),  that  which  holds  up  or  nourishes, 
retention  (re,  back),  holding  back. 

tenantry  contents  retentive 

tenacity  maintenance  sustenance 


LATIN  ROOTS   AND   ENGLISH   DERIVATIVES  127 

55.  tra'ho,  tra'he  re,  tra'xi,  trac'tum,  draw 
tract,  a  drawing  out,  a  region  of  indefinite  extent, 
tractable,  easily  drawn,  manageable,  docile. 

traction,  drawing  of  a  body  along  a  surface  by  electricity  or  steam, 
abstract  {ab,  from),  to  draw  away  from,  to  separate,  to  summarize, 
attract  {at  for  ad,  to),  to  draw  to  or  towards,  to  lure, 
contract  (con,  together),  to  draw  together,  to  make  smaller ;  to  form  an 

agreement. 
detract  (de,  away),  to  draw  away  from,  to  take  from  one's  credit  or  fame, 
distract  (dis,  apart),  to  draw  in  different  directions,  to  divert, 
extract  (ex,  out),  to  draw  out. 
protract  {pro,  forth),  to  prolong,  to  lengthen, 
retract  (re,  back),  to  draw  back,  to  revoke, 
subtract  (^^6,  under),  to  draw  from  underneath,  to  take  from  that 

which  is  greater. 
trace,  the  line  or  mark  made  by  drawing, 
trail,  the  part  drawn  behind  or  in  the  wake  of  a  thing, 
trait,  a  line,  a  touch,  a  distinguishing  feature. 
train,  that  which  is  drawn  behind,  body  of  followers,  retinue, 
portray  (por  for  pro,  forward),  to  draw  forward,  to  make  a  likeness  of 

a  person. 

tractability  detraction  subtrahend 

abstraction  distraction  tracery 

attractive  extraction  trailer 

contraction  retraction  portraiture 

56.  ve'ni  o,  ve  ni're,  ve'ni,  ven'tum,  come 

convene  (con,  together),  to  come  together. 

intervene  (inter,  between),  to  come  between,  to  occur  in  the  meanwhile. 

supervene  (super,  upon),  to  come  upon,  to  occur  as  an  interruption. 

contravene  (contra,  against),  to  come  against,  to  oppose,  to  infringe. 

advent  (ad,  to),  the  coming  to,  any  important  arrival. 

adventure,  a  daring  to  come  or  go,  daring  enterprise,  risk. 

adventitious,  coming  from  without,  accidental,  casual. 

circumvent  (circum,  around),  to  come  around,  to  entrap,  to  outwit. 


128  LATIN   ROOTS   AND   ENGLISH   DERIVATIVES 

convent,  a  religious  community  living  together  or  building  occupied 

by  it. 
convention,  an  assembly  or  meeting, 
event  (e,  out),  outcome,  result. 

invent  (in,  upon),  to  come  upon,  to  originate,  to  devise, 
prevent  (pre,  before),  to  come  before,  to  forestall,  to  hinder, 
convenient,  coming  together,  suitable,  not  troublesome, 
revenue  (re,  back),  that  which  comes  back  or  is  returned  to  one ;  an 

income. 

adventuress  inventor  prevention 

circumvention  intervention  convenience 

eventful  preventible  conveniently 

57.    ver'to,  ver'te  re,  ver'ti,  ver'sum,  turn 

vertex,  originally  the  turning  point  of  the  stars  ;  highest  point,  angular 

point  of  geometrical  figure, 
vortex  (a  variation  of  vertex),  a  turning  or  whirling  motion  or  mass, 
vertigo,  condition  in  which  a  patient  feels  as  if  surrounding  objects  were 

turning  around,  giddiness, 
advert  (ad,  to),  to  turn  to,  to  refer  to. 
advertise,  to  turn  attention  to,  to  make  generally  known, 
avert  (a,  away  from),  to  turn  from,  to  ward  off. 
convert  (con,  wholly),  to  cause  to  turn  wholly,  to  change, 
controvert  (contro,  opposed),  to  turn  against,  to  dispute, 
divert  (di,  apart),  to  turn  aside,  to  deflect,  to  amuse, 
invert  (in,  in),  to  turn  upside  down. 

pervert  (per,  completely),  to  turn  completely,  to  lead  astray, 
revert  (re,  back),  to  turn  back,  to  go  back  to  former  state, 
subvert  (sub,  under),  to  turn  under,  to  overthrow,  to  corrupt, 
adversary,  one  turned  against  or  opposed  to  another,  an  enemy. 
averse  (a,  away  from),  turned  from,  unwilling,  disinclined, 
converse  (con,  with),  to  keep  company  with,  to  talk  with, 
obverse  (ob,  towards),  the  side  turned  towards  one,  front,  face, 
perverse,  turned  aside  from  the  right,  wicked, 
verse,  a  turning,  a  row,  a  line  of  poetry. 


LATIN   ROOTS   AND    ENGLISH    DERIVATIVES  129 

version,  a  turning  into  another  language  or  form  of  expression. 

versus,  turned  against. 

versatile,  turning  easily  from  one  form  of  expression  to  another. 

advertiser  diversity  aversion 

conversion  inversion  conversation 

controversy  perversion  perverseness 

diversion  reversion  versatility 

58.   vi'de  o,  vi  de're,  vi'di,  vi'siim,  see 

evident  (^,  out,  clearly),  clearly  seen. 

provide  {pro,  before),  to  see  ahead  or  before,  to  make  ready  before- 
hand, 
providence,  foresight ;  beneficent  care  of  God  or  nature, 
visible,  that  which  can  be  seen, 
visual,  concerned  with  seeing  or  sight, 
vision,  sight ;  something  seen  in  a  trance  or  dream, 
revise  (re,  again),  to  look  over  again,  to  reconsider, 
supervise  (super,  over),  to  oversee,  to  direct  with  authority, 
visit,  to  go  to  see. 

vista,  a  long  narrow  view  or  prospect, 
view,  to  see,  to  inspect. 

review  (re,  again),  to  look  over  again,  to  look  back  over, 
visage,  the  look,  the  countenance,  the  face. 


evidently 

visionary 

revision 

evidence 

visualize 

supervisor 

improvident 

advisable 

visitor 

invisible 

provisional 

visitation 

59.    vo'co,  vo  ca're,  vo  ca'vi,  vo  ca'tum,  call 

vocation,  calling,  occupation. 

avocation  (a,  away),  that  which  calls  away  from  one's  regular  occu- 
pation, a  distraction,  minor  occupation. 

advocate  (ad,  to),  one  called  to  the  bar,  one  who  pleads  for  another. 

equivocate  (aequm,  equal),  to  call  equally,  to  use  words  with  a  double 
meaning,  to  prevaricate. 


130 


LATIN   ROOTS    AND    ENGLISH    DERIVATIVES 


convoke  {con,  together),  to  call  together. 

invoke  {in,  on),  to  call  upon,  to  appeal  to. 

provoke  {pro,  forth),  to  call  forth,  to  arouse,  to  excite. 

revoke  {re,  back),  to  recall,  to  repeal. 

vocable,  a  word  or  term. 

vocabulary,  a  collection  of  words. 

vocational  equivocation  revocation 

advocacy  invocation  irrevocable 

convocation  provocative  vociferation 

60.   volVo,  volVe  re,  vol'vi,  vo  lu'tum,  roll 

circumvolve  {circum,  around),  to  roll  around,  to  coil. 

convolve  {con,  together),  to  roll  or  twist  together. 

devolve  (de,  down  or  upon),  to  roll  or  descend  upon,  to  be  transferred  to. 

evolve  {e,  out),  to  unroll,  to  unfold,  to  develop  by  natural  process. 

involve  {in,  in),  to  wind  spirally,  to  entangle,  to  implicate. 

revolve  {re,  again),  to  roll  again  or  along,  to  turn  round  a  center. 

revolt,  a  turning  away  from,  a  casting  off  of  allegiance,  a  feeling  of 
disgust  or.  loathing. 

convolvulus,  a  species  of  twining  plant  to  which  the  morning  glory  be- 
longs. 

volume,  a  roll  or  scroll  of  parchment  which  was  the  ancient  form  of  a 
book. 

voluble,  rolling  smoothly,  fluent,  glib. 

circumvolution  involution  revolver 

convolution  revolution  voluminously 

evolution  revolutionary  volubility 

evolutionist  revolutionize  revoltingly 


visible 

circumvent 

voluble 

district 

contagious 


Review  VI 

tenacious 

event 

extraction 

evolution 

adversary 


vocation 

maintenance 

tangibility 

review 

revoke 


LETTER  WRITING  131 

LETTER  WRITING 

Letter  writing  or  correspondence  implies  that  two  persons  are 
interested  in  or  concerned  about  the  same  matter.  In  this  re- 
spect letter  writing  differs  from  a  private  record  or  memorandum 
which  may  be  read  only  by  the  writer. 

Since  a  letter  is  intended  to  be  read  by  another,  the  writer 
must  do  all  he  can  (1)  to  insure  its  safe  delivery,  (2)  to  convey, 
in  the  best  possible  form,  the  thought  intended,  and  (3)  to  see, 
if  the  letter  is  a  reply,  that  it  actually  corresponds  to,  or  answers 
the  letter  already  received. 

I.  The  Address  on  the  Envelope 

In  order  to  insure  the  safe  and  prompt  delivery  of  a  letter,  the 
sender  should  observe  great  care  in  addressing  the  envelope. 
The  name  of  the  person  addressed  should  be  written  in  the  middle 
of  the  envelope  from  left  to  right  and  from  top  to  bottom.  This 
arrangement  leaves  room  for  the  stamp  at  the  top  in  the  upper 
right-hand  corner,  and  for  directions  for  the  return  of  the  letter, 
in  case  of  non-delivery,  in  the  upper  left-hand  corner. 

The  parts  of  the  address  following  the  name  should  be  indented 
to  the  right.  This  leaves  room  for  readdressing  in  case  a  letter 
has  to  be  forwarded.  The  "block"  style  of  arrangement  instead 
of  indentation  is  frequently  used  on  envelopes  addressed  on  a 
typewriter  to  save  time  in  spacing,  but  there  is  no  reason  for 
adopting  it  when  letters  are  addressed  by  hand.  To  secure  a 
uniform  appearance,  one  should  see  that  the  lines  forming  the 
address  are  the  same  distance  apart. 

There  is  a  tendency  to  omit  marks  of  punctuatian  on  the  en- 
velope. An  abbreviation,  however,  is  always  followed  by  a 
period.  If  the  address  is  punctuated,  a  comma  should  be  placed 
after  every  line  except  the  last,  which  is  followed  by  a  period. 


132  LETTER   WRITING 

As  the  last  line  on  the  envelope  is  the  one  read  by  the  greatest 
number  of  persons  while  the  letter  is  in  transit,  it  should  be  written 
very  distinctly  and  if  two  states  have  abbreviations  which  may 
easily  be  mistaken  for  each  other,  as  N.  Y.  (New  York)  and  N.  J. 
(New  Jersey),  the  names  of  the  states  should  be  written  in  full. 
The  name  of  the  state  should  never  be  omitted,  as  there  are  many 
cities  and  towns  of  the  same  name  in  different  states ;  as  Port- 
land, Oregon  and  Portland,  Maine;  Washington,  District  of 
Columbia,  and  Washington,  New  Jersey;  Columbus,  Georgia, 
and  Columbus,  Mississippi.  Over  37,000  letters  are  sent  to  the 
Dead  Letter  Office  daily  because  postal  clerks  have  not  been  able 
to  deliver  them  to  the  persons  for  whom  they  were  intended. 
The  work  of  the  Dead  Letter  Office  would  be  greatly  lessened 
if  the  public  were  more  careful  in  addressing  letters  and  if  directions 
for  the  return  of  the  letter  to  the  writer,  in  case  of  non-delivery, 
were  given  on  every  envelope. 

When  streets  or  avenues  are  designated  by  numbers  instead 
of  by  names,  the  numbers  should  be  spelled  out  unless  they  are 
very  long.  Thus,  255  Fifth  Avenue  is  better  than  255  5th  Avenue, 
but  620  One  Hundred  and  Fifty-first  Street  is  too  long  to  be 
written  out  in  full. 

Care  in  the  use  of  titles  should  be  observed  in  addressing  letters. 
Although  the  title  Doctor  is  usually  abbreviated  (Dr.),  it  is  not 
good  form  to  abbreviate  Professor.  A  clergyman  without  any 
other  title  should  be  addressed  as  Reverend,  or  The  Reverend, 
which  may  be  abbreviated,  as,  The  Rev.  James  Cary  Holden. 
A  married  woman  should  not  be  addressed  by  her  husband's  title ; 
the  wife  of  Dr.  George  D.  Warner  is  Mrs.  George  D.  Warner; 
the  wife  of  Professor  T.  P.  Thomas  is  Mrs.  T.  P.  Thomas.  Two 
or  more  unmarried  sisters  may  be  addressed  in  the  plural;  as. 
The  Misses  Lovell. 

Titles  like  General,  Colonel,  Captain  and  President  should  not 
be  abbreviated. 


LETTER   WRITING 


133 


Return  in  5  days  to 

Box  140,  Orlando,  Fla. 


TTlub.   f(a(>tht  111.    Linmt'}^, 


324  Wisconsin  Ave., 

Washington,  D.C.,  U.S.A. 


134  LETTER   WRITING 

Arrange  the  following  addresses  correctly  on  envelopes:  Mr. 
Samuel  S.  Van  Note  560  Wabash  Ave  III  Chicago  From  J.  S. 
Brown  Box  65  Mendham  New  Jersey. 

Return  to  Hopeland  Cottage  Ocean  View  New  York.  Mrs.  J. 
Robbins  Conant,  Mountain  Lake  Vermont  Box  122. 

Dr.  Haskell  J.  Hamilton  Monmouth  County  Shrewsbury  New 
Jersey  The  Towers  Return  in  one  week  to  Briarcliff  Lodge  Casco 
Maine. 

11.   The  Heading  of  a  Letter 

The  heading  of  a  letter  should  never  be  omitted.  It  is  written 
in  the  upper  right-hand  corner  of  the  page  and  it  consists  of  the 
street  and  number  on  the  first  line,  the  city  and  state  on  the  second 
line  slightly  indented  to  the  right,  and  the  day  of  the  month  and 
the  year  on  the  third  line.  Care  should  be  taken  in  placing  the 
first  line  to  allow  enough  room  for  the  succeeding  lines  so  that 
the  date  on  the  last  line  does  not  crowd  the  right-hand  edge  of 
the  paper.  Where  no  street  and  number  is  given,  as  in  small 
towns  or  villages,  only  two  lines  are  required  for  the  heading. 
The  punctuation  consists  of  a  comma  after  each  line  and  a  period 
at  the  end. 

176  Broad  St., 
Red  Bank,  N.  J., 
Dec.  10,  1916. 

Mt.  Kisco,  Penn., 

May  12,  1915. 

III.  The  Salutation  of  a  Letter 

The  salutation  of  a  letter  is  placed  at  the  left  about  two  spaces 
below  the  last  line  of  the  heading,  and  it  begins  at  the  common 
margin.  Its  form  depends  upon  the  relation  existing  between 
the  writer  and  the  person  addressed.  In  business  letters  and  in 
letters  addressed  to  persons  unknown  to  the  writer,  the  name 


LETTER   WRITING  135 

and  address  of  the  person  to  whom  the  letter  is  written  is  given 

first,  as : 

Mr.  J.  M.  Johnson, 

Navesink,  N.  J. 
My  dear  Sir : 

Lord  and  Taylor, 

Fifth  Ave.,  New  York  City. 
Dear  Sirs : 

Miss  Belle  Mount, 

Shrewsbury,  N.  J. 
My  dear  Miss  Mount : 

Mrs.  John  B.  Alcott, 

Mt.  Pleasant,  Iowa. 
My  dear  Madam : 

In  letters  of  friendship,  the  salutation  is  less  formal  and  usually 
consists  of  but  one  line;  as,  Dear  Cousin  Jim,  My  dear  Dr. 
Andrew. 

It  will  be  noted  that  the  word  dear  is  not  spelled  with  a  capital 
unless  it  stands  at  the  beginning  of  the  line,  but  the  words  sir  and 
madam  are  always  spelled  with  capitals. 

Write  proper  salutations  for  letters  addressed  to  the  following 
persons : 

Chas.  Scribner's  Sons,  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York;  James  G. 
Wallack,  Mt.  Tabor,  Georgia;  Anne  J.  Reynolds,  Burlington, 
Iowa ;  your  clergyman ;    your  physician. 

IV.  The  Body  of  a  Letter 

The  arrangement  of  the  body  of  a  letter  is  the  same  as  that  of 
any  other  composition.  Each  paragraph  should  be  indented 
and  each  topic  discussed  should  be  dealt  with  in  a  separate  para- 
graph.    A  short  letter  usually  consists  of  but  one  paragraph. 


136  LETTER   WRITING 

The  first  line  of  the  paragraph  begins  below  the  last  line  of  the 
salutation  and  usually  at  the  common  paragraph  margin.  The 
page  should  be  well  balanced  in  appearance  and  should  indicate 
that  the  writer  had  a  plan  in  mind  when  arranging  the  page.  If 
the  letter  consists  of  more  than  two  pages,  they  should  be  num- 
bered. A  letter  of  two  pages,  if  on  folded  paper,  should  be 
written  on  alternate  pages.  Folded  paper,  not  pad  paper,  should 
be  used  for  social  correspondence.  The  width  of  the  margin 
depends  upon  the  width  of  the  paper. 

V.   The  Complimentary  Close 

The  form  of  the  complimentary  close,  like  that  of  the  salutation, 
depends  upon  the  relation  existing  between  the  writer  and  the 
person  addressed.  There  is  practically  only  one  form  for  a 
business  letter,  and  that  is  Yours  truly,  with  the  variations  Yours 
very  truly  and  Very  truly  yours.  In  letters  of  friendship  the  con- 
clusion most  frequently  used  is  Yours  sincerely,  but  Cordially 
yours  and  Yours  faithfully  are  often  used.  Only  the  first  word 
of  the  complimentary  close  is  spelled  with  a  capital.  It  is  bad 
form  either  to  contract  or  to  abbreviate  the  complimentary  close. 
The  complimentary  close  should  be  written  in  the  middle  of  the 
line  below  the  body  of  the  letter,  without  regard  to  the  position 
of  the  last  word  in  the  body  of  the  letter. 

VI.   The  Signature 

Business  letters  and  also  letters  of  friendship,  unless  the  latter 
are  very  informal,  should  be  signed  in  the  way  that  the  writer 
expects  his  name  to  appear  on  a  letter  sent  in  reply,  except 
that  one  never  prefixes  a  title  to  his  own  name.  A  married 
woman  signs  a  letter  with  her  Christian  name,  but  in  a  letter  to 
a  stranger,  she  inserts  her  title  and  her  husband's  name  in  paren- 
thesis, for  the  convenience  of  her  correspondent.  Thus,  the  wife 
of  Reginald  D.  Anderson  signs  her  letters  Alice  B.  Anderson, 


LETTER   WRITING  137 

but  places  Mrs.  Reginald  D.  Anderson  on  the  same  line,  at  the 
left.  An  unmarried  woman  prefixes  Miss  in  parenthesis  to  her 
name  when  signing  a  business  letter  or  a  letter  to  a  stranger. 

A  man  should  adopt  one  form  of  signature  and  use  it  invariably, 
not  using  initials  at  one  time  and  signing  his  name  in  full  at 
another.  John  R.  Williams  should  not  be  J.  R.  Williams  at  one 
time  and  J.  Robert  Williams  at  another.  Above  all,  one's  signa- 
ture should  be  legible.  To  sign  one's  name  so  that  it  is  inde- 
cipherable is  an  affectation  on  the  part  of  the  writer  and  a 
discourtesy  to  one's  correspondent. 

VII.   The  Contents  of  a  Letter 

The  first  paragraph  of  a  letter  written  in  reply  should  contain 
an  acknowledgment  of  the  letter  received;  in  the  case  of  a 
business  letter,  the  date  of  the  letter  received  and  its  contents 
should  be  noted.  A  letter  in  reply  should  actually  correspond 
to  the  letter  received ;  that  is,  the  writer  should  have  the  letter  to 
be  answered  actually  before  him  and  should  take  up  the  points  in 
the  order  mentioned.  This  applies  especially  to  business  letters, 
but  it  is  also  the  most  satisfactory  method  to  pursue  in  answer- 
ing a  social  letter.  Every  one  has  probably  experienced  the 
annoyance  of  receiving  replies  which  ignore  the  contents  of  letters 
previously  sent. 

The  following  are  examples  of  unsatisfactory  and  satisfactory 
replies. 

126  Broad  St., 
New  York  City, 
Mar.  1,  1917. 
Mr.  J.  A.  Conover, 
Lincroft,  N.  J. 
My  dear  Sir : 

I  am  looking  for  a  farm  in  Monmouth  County  within  easy  reach 
of  New  York  City.     I  saw  in  the  February  number  of  Realty  that 


138  LETTER  WRITING 

you  have  a  farm  for  sale.     Will  you  kindly  give  ine  information 
in  regard  to  its  location,  size,  price,  etc. 

Yours  very  truly, 

W.  Salter  Brown. 

Mr.  Brown  received  the  following  letter  from  Mr.  Conover : 

Lincroft,  N.  J., 
Mar.  3,  1917. 
Mr.  W.  Salter  Brown, 

126  Broad  St.,  --    -^ 

New  York  City. 
My  dear  Sir : 

My  farm  is  situated  near  Red  Bank  and  contains  about  fifty 
acres.  The  farmhouse  is  in  good  condition  and  the  barn  is  new. 
Farm  land  in  this  locality  is  worth  about  two  hundred  and  fifty 
dollars  an  acre.  If  you  would  like  to  look  my  farm  over,  let  me 
know. 

Yours  truly, 

J.  A.  Conover.  v 

Mr.  Brown  sent  the  same  inquiry  to  Jas.  E.  McBride,  who  had 
also  advertised  a  farm  for  sale,  and  from  Mr.  McBride  he  received 
the  following  answer : 

Box  12,  Middletown,  N.  J., 
Mar.  4,  1917. 
Mr.  W.  Salter  Brown, 
126  Broad  St., 

New  York  City. 
My  dear  Sir : 

I  am  in  receipt  of  your  letter  dated  March  1st  asking  for  in- 
formation concerning  the  farm  I  advertised  in  February  Realty, 


LETTER  WRITING  139 

My  farm  consists  of  thirty-five  acres,  all  under  cultivation: 
five  acres  in  a  peach  orchard  which  will  come  into  bearing  next 
year,  ten  acres  in  an  apple  orchard  set  out  six  years  ago,  and  the 
rest  in  corn  and  potatoes.  The  farmhouse  contains  eight  rooms 
and  is  in  good  repair.  The  barn  and  stable  have  been  rebuilt 
within  the  past  year. 

My  farm  is  within  one  mile  of  Middletown  station  on  the  New 
Jersey  Central  Railroad,  and  one  hour  by  train  from  New  York 
City.  The  nearest  local  market  is  Red  Bank,  three  miles  distant, 
a  thriving  town  of  about  12,000  inhabitants. 

The  doctor  has  advised  me  to  move  West  on  account  of  my 
wife's  health  and  I  am  willing  to  sell,  on  that  account,  for  $10,000 
cash.  There  is  a  demand  for  farm  land  in  this  section  and  there  is 
no  doubt  but  that  I  could  sell  for  $15,000  by  waiting  a  little 
longer. 

If  you  will  let  me  know  on  what  train  you  will  arrive,  I  will 
meet  you  at  Middletown  station  and  show  you  my  land. 

Yours  very  truly, 

Jas.  E.  McBride. 

It  will  be  seen  that  while  Mr.  Conover's  letter  is  correct  in  form, 
it  lacks  the  definiteness  and  detail  of  a  good  business  letter.  Mr. 
McBride's,  on  the  other  hand;  gives,  in  a  definite  form,  the  in- 
formation asked  for,  and  would,  undoubtedly,  receive  the  more 
favorable  consideration  from  Mr.  Brown. 

Rewrite  Mr.  Conover's  letter,  making  it  more  definite  and  giving 
more  facts.     Write  Mr.  Brown's  reply  to  Mr.  McBride. 

Write  to  the  head  of  some  summer  camp  for  boys  or  girls  asking 
for  information  in  regard  to  the  camp.  Write  the  reply  sent  by 
the  head  of  the  camp.  Advertisements  of  camps  in  periodicals 
may  be  consulted  if  necessary. 

Read  the  following  letter  of  friendship  and  note  the  differ- 
ence in  the  two  replies.     Imagine  yourself  to  be  Marian  Halleck 


140  LETTER   WRITING 

and  decide  in  what  respects  Georgia  McVey's  answer  is  the  more 
satisfactory.  In  accepting  an  invitation  to  make  a  visit,  the  time 
of  one's  arrival  and  departure  should  be  stated  definitely,  so  that 
one's  hostess  may  plan  accordingly. 

The  Pines, 

Red  Rock,  N.  Y., 
June  29th,  1917. 
My  dear  Grace, 

Mother  and  I  would  like  to  have  you  and  your  brother 
come  to  spend  this  week-end  with  us.  Brother  Bob  starts  for  camp 
this  week  and  that  gives  an  extra  room  which  we  shall  be  glad  to 
have  your  brother  occupy.  We  are  more  than  usually  "full  up" 
this  summer,  all  of  the  family  being  at  home,  and  you  will  have  a 
chance  to  play  tennis  with  at  least  five  different  players.  So  be 
sure  to  bring  your  racquets  and  tennis  clothes. 

Do  write  that  you  both  can  come  and  I  will  meet  you  at  the 
Junction  with  the  car. 

Yours  cordially, 

Marian  Halleck. 

Saunder's  Point,  N.  Y., 
June  31,  1917. 
Dear  Marian, 

Thank  you  very  much  for  the  invitation  for  the  week-end.  I 
do  not  know  whether  Harry  can  come  with  me  or  not,  but  I  hope 
so.  I  shall  be  glad  to  have  a  chance  to  play  tennis  with  you. 
Our  club  is  flourishing.     Expect  me  on  Friday. 

Yours  sincerely, 

Grace  M.  Newell. 

Marian  wrote  the  same  letter  to  Georgia  McVey,  who  replied 
as  follows : 


LETTER  WRITING  141 

Lake  Manaho,  N.  Y., 
June  31,  1917. 
My  dear  Marian, 

It  gives  Horace  and  me  much  pleasure  to  accept  your  invitation 
for  the  week-end.  You  may  expect  us  on  Friday  on  the  train  which 
arrives  at  the  Junction  at  five-thirty.  We  are  bringing  our  racquets 
and  tennis  togs  with  us  and  we  hope  to  find  our  old  opponents 
in  good  form.  Horace  must  be  at  business  by  nine  o'clock  on 
Monday.  I  hope  we  shall  not  disturb  the  household  too  much 
if  we  slip  away  at  the  barbarous  hour  of  seven  in  the  morning. 
Give  my  regards  to  your  mother. 

Yours  sincerely, 

Georgia  McVey. 

Write  Georgia  McVey's  note  of  thanks  to  Mrs.  Halleck  after 
Georgia's  return  home. 

Write  Horace  McVey's  note  to  Bob  Halleck  inviting  him  to  go 
on  a  three  days'  fishing  or  hunting  trip. 

A  formal  letter  is  written  in  the  third  person  and  the  reply 
should  be  in  the  same  form.  A  formal  letter  should  occupy  the 
middle  of  the  page.     No  abbreviations  should  be  used. 

Read  the  following  invitation  and  replies  carefully  and  note 
the  points  in  which  they  differ  from  informal  letters. 

c^^f-  c^vacUuitina  ^ta^o^  at  tk&  £jJo&  ^S^aie^t  fi-icflv  ^^kao-t  v&- 
aue^oZoy  tk&  '^t&ciQ.toi&  at  TT^to^o^  jCavo^  771.  ^a^tton' Qy  ^o-vn.'fi.cu'yvu  at  cu 
cLa^n^e^  cjiv-e^yi  at  tk&  (^dOA^'yio-  an  ^lixia^i^  e,v-e^7iir>.q,  ju>nf>  tk& 
Ivjt&entk,  at  nln&  a' ^tae^k. 

TVliA^  jCalo^  77(.  ^a.ltan  aM^e/^to^  ^v-itk  ^t&aM^uv&  tk&  vyiv-ita,- 
tian  at  tk&  (j'ba.cLuatincf'  (^ta^o^  ay  £aky&  ^oieAt  /iftc^k  cf^oal  to 
att&ncl  a>  cLa.n^&  aiv-&'yv  at  tk&  (^a.^ina,  jwK&  tk&  lCtt&&ntk, 
at  ni'n&  a' ^tanh. 

/2/  (ou^tici  (Lv-e^yiv.&,  fu,'yi&  tk&  t&ntk. 


142  LETTER   WRITING 

^tfl/fl/  jCo-iA^  ?yi.  ^a^tto-n  v&aveto^  tJvaZ  o-yv  cu^^awrit  o-i  vtt'we.Q^ 
Q^ri&  ^a^yvyvat  O/^^e-^  tke^  vyvv-vCaZvo-fi  at  tA^&  avcLcLvocitCn'a  e^ta^o^ 
o-y  tri&  La,k/&  S^av&Qyt  fi-ic^k  ^^kaot  to  aXZ&nicC  a  cLoyn^e/  avv-&fv 
at  tk&  ^a^Cno-  aru  ^un&  iOit&&'yitA. 

Write  a  formal  invitation  to  the  graduating  exercises  of  your 
own  school. 
Write  a  note  of  acceptance. 
Write  a  note  of  regret. 

General  Remarks 

Business  letters  are  usually  written  on  plain,  unruled  paper  in 
single  sheets.  A  wider  choice  of  stationery  for  social  correspond- 
ence is  allowed,  but  the  paper  should  never  be-  fantastic  in  tint 
or  style.  Plain,  unruled,  folded  paper,  in  white  or  cream,  of 
good  quality,  is  in  the  best  taste.  Perfumed  paper,  elaborate 
monograms  and  highly  colored  sealing  wax  should  be  avoided. 
Envelopes  should  match  the  paper  in  size,  color  and  texture. 

It  is  decidedly  discourteous  to  your  correspondent  to  send  a 
letter  which  is  untidy  in  appearance,  misspelled,  or  illegibly 
written.  If  a  letter  does  not  present  a  satisfactory  appearance 
as  regards  neatness  or  arrangement,  you  should  rewrite  it  until 
you  cannot  improve  upon  it.  If  you  have  not  mastered  the  spelling 
of  such  words  as  it  is  necessary  for  you  to  use,  keep  a  dictionary 
by  you  and  use  it.  If  you  have  not  been  able  to  acquire  a  beauti- 
ful style  of  penmanship,  you  can  at  least  acquire  a  style  that  is 
neat  and  legible.  Letters  should  be  written  in  ink.  No  one 
should  write  a  letter  in  pencil  unless  he  is  unable  to  use  a  pen. 

A  letter  reveals  a  great  deal  of  the  writer's  personality.  No  one 
can  afford  to  send  a  letter  which,  by  its  appearance,  form,  or  con- 
tents, creates  an  unfavorable  impression. 


'  U    ODvJ  /t) 


4^0000 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CAUFORNIA  LIBRARY 


